FINAL EXAM- NEUROPHYS Flashcards
Which of the following about synaptic neurotransmission is false?
A. a metabotropic receptor is not attached to an ion channel
B. an ionotropic receptor is attached to an ion channel
C. the neurotransmitter determines whether the postsynaptic effect will be excitatory or inhibitory
D. graded potentials result from the summation of postsynaptic effects derived from single terminals activated at high frequency and multiple terminals activated simultaneously
E.a postsynaptic depolarisation that does not reach the action potential threshold will be drained by the leak channels to restore the resting potential
C. the neurotransmitter determines whether the postsynaptic effect will be excitatory or inhibitory
{!the sign of the postsynaptic effect is determined by the ion selectivity of the ligand-gated channel!}
Which of the following does not form part of the peripheral nervous system?
A. autonomic nerves B. cranial nerves C. spinal cord D. efferent nerves E. afferent nerves
C. spinal cord
- part of the CNS
Which of the following about neuronal circuits is false?
A. the principles of synaptic transmission are different for spinal circuits producing reflexes and cerebral cortex circuits producing voluntary functions
B. neuronal circuits include only neurons connected through synapses
C. a diverging circuit will share information will several targets
D. a converging circuit will combine information from several sources
E. a reverberating circuit will hold information in memory
A. the principles of synaptic transmission are different for spinal circuits producing reflexes and cerebral cortex circuits producing voluntary functions
{!the principles are the same but the connectivity differs!}
A presynaptic terminal releases neurotransmitter that binds to a postsynaptic receptor which then opens a channel selective for sodium ions. Which of the following would be expected to occur as a result?
A. an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron
B. hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuron
C. depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron
D. leak channels would close
E. cleavage of the neurotransmitter within the postsynaptic sodium channel
C. depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron
- {!sodium ions move from its high extracellular concentration through the open channel and into the postsynaptic cell where the addition of these positively charged sodium ions leads to a more positive membrane voltage called a depolarization!}
Which of the following about chemical synaptic transmission is false?
A. neurotransmitter release onto a postsynaptic cell always produces a depolarization
B. a single presynaptic terminal stimulated twice in rapid succession could produce temporal summation
C. two presynaptic terminals stimulated simultaneously could produce spatial summation
D. leak channels oppose depolarization of the membrane potential
E. leak channels oppose hyperpolarization of the membrane potential
A. neurotransmitter release onto a postsynaptic cell always produces a depolarization
- {!no, it can produce a depolarization (opening of sodium channels), a hyperpolarization (opening of potassium channels) or nothing (opening of chloride channels when the cell is resting at -70 mV)!}
The resources for learning the neurophysiology objectives of this course include a reference textbook and the materials provided by the professor, namely, PowerPoint slides with images and notes to be delivered in class and formative or practice exam questions. The sommative or final exam questions will be based on what resources?
A. final exam questions will be based only on the reference textbook
B. final exam questions will be based on all the resources mentioned for the course
C. final exam questions will be based on all the resources mentioned for the course and the extra content mentioned in class to answer student questions or to provide greater understanding
D. final exam questions will be based on the notes under each image of the PowerPoint slides
E.final exam questions will be based on all the information in the images and notes of the PowerPoint slides
D. final exam questions will be based on the notes under each image of the PowerPoint slides
Which of the following statements about the electrical properties of neurons is false?
A.no ion currents flow through the membrane in a neuron at rest
B. the Na/K-ATPase pump must remove accumulating sodium and replenish potassium to maintain concentration gradients of these ions
C. the equilibrium potential of sodium is defined as the membrane potential where there is no net movement of sodium in or out of the cell
D. the sodium ion gradient is from the extracellular to the intracellular space
E. the potassium ion gradient is from the intracellular to the extracellular space
A.no ion currents flow through the membrane in a neuron at rest
Which of the following is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?
A. glutamate B. acetylcholine C. norepinephrine D. serotonin E. GABA
B. acetylcholine
Which of the following about synaptic transmission is false?
A. membrane depolarisation directly triggers synaptic vesicle release of neurotransmitters
B. neurotransmitter effects are terminated by enzyme cleavage in the synaptic cleft and endocytosis by the axon terminal
C. action potential causes opening of voltage-dependant calcium channels in the axon terminal
D. neurotransmitters diffuse freely in the extracellular space of the synaptic cleft
E. neurotransmitters bind to receptors of ligand-gated channels which cause channel opening and postsynaptic-potential generation
A. membrane depolarisation directly triggers synaptic vesicle release of neurotransmitters
Which of the following about synaptic neurotransmission is false?
A. the neurotransmitter determines whether the postsynaptic effect will be excitatory or inhibitory
B. graded potentials result from the summation of postsynaptic effects derived from single terminals activated at high frequency and multiple terminals activated simultaneously
C. a postsynaptic depolarisation that does not reach the action potential threshold will be drained by the leak channels to restore the resting potential
D. a metabotropic receptor is not attached to an ion channel
E. an ionotropic receptor is attached to an ion channel
A. the neurotransmitter determines whether the postsynaptic effect will be excitatory or inhibitory
- {!the sign of the postsynaptic effect is determined by the ion selectivity of the ligand-gated channel!}
Thin hairy skin has many different types of sensory receptors such as mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and nociceptors. Which of the following statements is false concerning the consequences of a third-degree burn which completely damaged these sensory receptors in a 1 cm radius of skin?
A. undamaged mechanorecptors surrounding the burned skin would respond normally to touch
B. damaged mechanoreceptors in the center of the burned skin would not respond to touch
C. damaged thermoreceptors in the center of the burned skin would not respond to temperature changes
D. damaged nociceptors in the center of the burned skin would send impulses to the CNS for pain perception
E. undamaged nociceptors surrounding the burned skin would not send impulses to the CNS for pain perception
D. damaged nociceptors in the center of the burned skin would send impulses to the CNS for pain perception
Which of the following is not a feature of sensory receptors?
A. it is possible to apply a stimulus that is too weak for the sensory receptor to produce an action potential
B. the strength of the stimulus can be determined by the frequency of action potentials
C. sensory receptors transduce the energy of the stimulus (e.g. mechanical force) into electrical energy (e.g. membrane depolarisation)
D. a receptor potential is always produced before an action potential
E. depolarization of a receptor always produces an action potential
E. depolarization of a receptor always produces an action potential
The Pacinian corpuscles are:
A. visceroceptors B. exteroceptors C. proprioceptors D. nociceptors E. thermoceptors
A. visceroceptors
Which of the following is true about sensory receptor adaptation?
A. pain receptors adapt quickly to signal tissue damage
B. sensory receptor adaptation is an increase in receptor sensitivity with repeated stimuli
C. sensory receptor adaptation is a drop in the action potential frequency despite a constant stimulus
D. sensory receptor adaptation is a decrease in receptor sensitivity with repeated stimuli
E. a phasic receptor displays adaptation whereas a tonic receptor shows no adaptation
C. sensory receptor adaptation is a drop in the action potential frequency despite a constant stimulus
Which of the following is false concerning Pacinian receptors?
A. they show little adaptation
B. their maximal action potential frequency is proportional to the strength of the stimulus
C. they are exteroceptors
D. they are mechanoreceptors
E. they are simple receptors
A. they show little adaptation
- {!they show large adaptation!}
Which of the following about sensory receptors is false?
A. sensory receptors are classified according to the anatomical location (e.g. exteroceptor)
B. sensory receptors are classified according to the stimulus (e.g. mechanoreceptor)
C. sensory receptors are classified according to the complexity of the structure (e.g. simple receptor)
D. only the receptors of the special senses are classified as having a complex structure
E. a Pacinian corpuscle is classified as either an exteroceptor, a mechanoreceptor or a simple receptor but not all three classifications
E. a Pacinian corpuscle is classified as either an exteroceptor, a mechanoreceptor or a simple receptor but not all three classifications
- {!every receptor has 3 classifications!}
Which of the following statements about taste is true?
A. umami (savory) is not considered one of the fundamental flavors
B. single taste chemoreceptors are called papilla
C. a single taste chemoreceptor can detect sweet, sour or any of the other flavors and send this information to the CNS
D. loss of a single taste chemoreceptor is permanent
E. papillae are found on the tongue, internal cheeks, soft palate, pharynx and epiglottis
E. papillae are found on the tongue, internal cheeks, soft palate, pharynx and epiglottis
Which of the following is not a fundamental flavor?
A. spicy B. salty C. sweet D. sour E. bitter
A. spicy
What happens with damage to the olfactory cells?
A. only a 20% loss in perception of flavors
B. the supporting cells take over the role of the olfactory cells
C. the sense of smell is lost forever
D. stem cells of the epidermis give rise to new olfactory cells
E. basal cells give rise to new olfactory cells
E. basal cells give rise to new olfactory cells
Which of the following is true about the transduction of odors?
A. only the gas elements of the periodic table give rise to odors
B. odors can be perceived even before reaching the sensory epithelium
C. the supporting cells of the sensory epithelium prevent strong odors from being detected
D. metabotropic receptors on the olfactory cilia of one cell detects all types of odors
E. olfactory cells project to the Mitral cells of the olfactory bulb
E. olfactory cells project to the Mitral cells of the olfactory bulb
How is low frequency sound or high amplitude sound detected?
A. high amplitude sound is detected only by hair cells near the helicotrema
B. high amplitude sound is detected only by hair cells near the tympanic cavity
C. low frequency sound is detected by hair cells of the cochlear duct near the helicotrema
D. low frequency sound is detected by supporting cells of the cochlea near the tympanic cavity
E. low frequency sound and high amplitude sound are detected by sensory receptors of the tympanic membrane
C. low frequency sound is detected by hair cells of the cochlear duct near the helicotrema
Which statement is true?
A. The node of Ranvier is an area of low concentration of the voltage gated channels.
B. The stapes strikes the oval window to induce waves propagating through the scala vestibule, around the Helicotrema and in the scala tympani to end on the round window.
C. The utricule and saccule are the membranous labyrinth in the Ampula.
D. To correct a farsighted (hypermetropic) eye, concave lenses are required.
E. Papillae are gustatory receptors.
B. The stapes strikes the oval window to induce waves propagating through the scala vestibule, around the Helicotrema and in the scala tympani to end on the round window.
