Final Exam - More Cell Signaling Flashcards
What is another name for the growth hormone?
somatotropin
Where is the growth hormone produced?
in the anterior pituitary gland
What is the growth hormone released in?
the blood stream so that it can reach the rest of the body
What does the growth hormone function with?
the liver, bone growth, fat, muscle
What are the two pathways that the growth hormone works with?
the growth hormone receptor and MAP kinase pathway
How does the growth hormone pathway work?
the growth hormone attaches to the receptor, which then activates jak which in turn activates stat. STAT activates the transcription RNA of IGF-1 in the liver. This stimulates the growth of the liver and other tissues
How does the Ras signaling pathway work?
Ras activates ERK 1/2 (signal regulated kinase), which activates a transcription factor which activates transcription which activates cell division which leads to chondrocytes and bone growth
What type of receptors does the growth hormone work with?
enzyme linked receptors
What can elevated growth hormone cause?
gigantism
What causes growth hormone deficiency?
not enough GH is produced by the pituitary gland
What causes growth hormone insensitivity?
not able to read the signal from GH
What does the regulation of the growth hormone lead to?
increased lifespan
What is bovine somatotropin?
a hormone given to cows to increase milk production
What are some side effects of bovine somatotropin?
can cause increased mastitis and fertility issues
What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
important signaling molecule; second messenger
What is cAMP made by?
adenylyl cyclase
What does cAMP activate?
protein kinase A
What does protein kinase A do?
changes the conformation of the inactive catalytic subunit
What is cAMP hydrolyzed to?
AMP
What does cAMP do in the liver?
induces glycogen breakdown in the muscle and the liver
What are the steps of activating cAMP?
- ATP to cAMP
- PKA is activated
- PKA activates phosphorylase kinase
- Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a
- phosphorylase a changes glycogen to glucose I phosphate
What does cAMP use adrenaline for?
- initate glycogen breakdown
- increase heart rate and force of contraction
- in fat for triglyceride breakdown
How does cAMP use glucagon?
glycogen breakdown
How does cholera effect cAMP production?
it modifies g alpha s for continued synthesization
How does cholera work within the cell?
- secretes cholera toxin
- modifies g alpha s
- activates adenylyl cyclase which increases cAMP production
- creates CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
What is another name for adrenaline?
epinephrine
What is the function of adrenaline?
increased heart rate, respiratory rate, pupil dilation, glucose release from the liver
Where is adrenaline produced?
the adrenal medulla
What does adrenaline bind to?
adrenergic receptors (GPCRs)
What is the alpha-1 receptor for?
GI and periphery blood vessels; vasoconstriction
What is the alpha-2 receptor for?
GI sphincter innervation; sphincter constriction
What does the alpha-2 receptor do?
inhibits adenylyl cyclase to decrease cAMP for smooth muscle constriction
What is the beta receptor for?
works in the heart and bronchioles for increased heart rate and open airways
How does the beta receptor work?
activates adenylyl cyclase for the increase of cAMP production for smooth muscle relaxation
What is caffeine?
a nuerostimulant that inhibits phosphodiesterase causing cAMP productions to increase
