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Molecular and Cellular Basis of Disease > Final Exam - More Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Final Exam - More Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the growth hormone?

A

somatotropin

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2
Q

Where is the growth hormone produced?

A

in the anterior pituitary gland

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3
Q

What is the growth hormone released in?

A

the blood stream so that it can reach the rest of the body

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4
Q

What does the growth hormone function with?

A

the liver, bone growth, fat, muscle

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5
Q

What are the two pathways that the growth hormone works with?

A

the growth hormone receptor and MAP kinase pathway

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6
Q

How does the growth hormone pathway work?

A

the growth hormone attaches to the receptor, which then activates jak which in turn activates stat. STAT activates the transcription RNA of IGF-1 in the liver. This stimulates the growth of the liver and other tissues

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7
Q

How does the Ras signaling pathway work?

A

Ras activates ERK 1/2 (signal regulated kinase), which activates a transcription factor which activates transcription which activates cell division which leads to chondrocytes and bone growth

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8
Q

What type of receptors does the growth hormone work with?

A

enzyme linked receptors

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9
Q

What can elevated growth hormone cause?

A

gigantism

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10
Q

What causes growth hormone deficiency?

A

not enough GH is produced by the pituitary gland

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11
Q

What causes growth hormone insensitivity?

A

not able to read the signal from GH

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12
Q

What does the regulation of the growth hormone lead to?

A

increased lifespan

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13
Q

What is bovine somatotropin?

A

a hormone given to cows to increase milk production

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14
Q

What are some side effects of bovine somatotropin?

A

can cause increased mastitis and fertility issues

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15
Q

What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)?

A

important signaling molecule; second messenger

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16
Q

What is cAMP made by?

A

adenylyl cyclase

17
Q

What does cAMP activate?

A

protein kinase A

18
Q

What does protein kinase A do?

A

changes the conformation of the inactive catalytic subunit

19
Q

What is cAMP hydrolyzed to?

A

AMP

20
Q

What does cAMP do in the liver?

A

induces glycogen breakdown in the muscle and the liver

21
Q

What are the steps of activating cAMP?

A
  • ATP to cAMP
  • PKA is activated
  • PKA activates phosphorylase kinase
  • Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a
  • phosphorylase a changes glycogen to glucose I phosphate
22
Q

What does cAMP use adrenaline for?

A
  • initate glycogen breakdown
  • increase heart rate and force of contraction
  • in fat for triglyceride breakdown
23
Q

How does cAMP use glucagon?

A

glycogen breakdown

24
Q

How does cholera effect cAMP production?

A

it modifies g alpha s for continued synthesization

25
Q

How does cholera work within the cell?

A
  • secretes cholera toxin
  • modifies g alpha s
  • activates adenylyl cyclase which increases cAMP production
  • creates CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
26
Q

What is another name for adrenaline?

A

epinephrine

27
Q

What is the function of adrenaline?

A

increased heart rate, respiratory rate, pupil dilation, glucose release from the liver

28
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

the adrenal medulla

29
Q

What does adrenaline bind to?

A

adrenergic receptors (GPCRs)

30
Q

What is the alpha-1 receptor for?

A

GI and periphery blood vessels; vasoconstriction

31
Q

What is the alpha-2 receptor for?

A

GI sphincter innervation; sphincter constriction

32
Q

What does the alpha-2 receptor do?

A

inhibits adenylyl cyclase to decrease cAMP for smooth muscle constriction

33
Q

What is the beta receptor for?

A

works in the heart and bronchioles for increased heart rate and open airways

34
Q

How does the beta receptor work?

A

activates adenylyl cyclase for the increase of cAMP production for smooth muscle relaxation

35
Q

What is caffeine?

A

a nuerostimulant that inhibits phosphodiesterase causing cAMP productions to increase

Molecular and Cellular Basis of Disease (7 decks)

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