Final Exam MC Questions Flashcards
personality
an individual’s charecteristic of thinking, feeling, or acting
defense mechanisms
the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
displacement
defense mechanism where someone shifts impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object/person
projection
defense mechanism where one hides their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
reaction formation
defense mechanism where one switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
regression
defense mechanism where one retreats to a younger psychosexual stage
self-efficacy
one’s sense of competence and effectiveness
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, non judgemental attitude; Carl Rogers used to help patients with self-awareness and self-acceptance
what do projective tests examine
one’s inner dynamics
collective unconcious
Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
ego
largely conscious part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle
maslow: self actualization
the fulfillment of one’s talents and potentials; highest tier in the hierarchy
big 5 traits
conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion
intelligence
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age
Howard Gardener’s multiple intelligences
linguistic, logical-mathmatical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and natralistic
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
test reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
test standardization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the pretested group
g
a general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
stereotype threat and the impact
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype, harms people’s mental capabilities, saps peoples’ working memory capacity
triarchic theory
Sternberg’s theory of three intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical
Binet’s purpose of tests
he wanted to find which students needed special attention, he did not want the test to become a measure of intelligence
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
disorders
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
anxiety (various types)
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
PTSD
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, jumpy anxiety and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks after a traumatic event
bipolar disorder
a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
schizophrenia
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and /or diminished/inappropriate emotional expression
anti-social PD
a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscious for wrongdoing
agroraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations where one has felt lose of control/panic
dissociative amnesia
a type of dissociative disorder where one cannot recall important personal information that would not be forgotten typically
illness anxiety disorder
a disorder in which someone interprets normal physical symptoms as symptoms of a disease
OCD
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions
dissociative identity disorder
dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
what makes behaviors abnormal or a disorder
when it interferes with your day-to-day life
conversion disorder/somatic symptoms
a disorder in which a person experiences very specific physical symptoms for which no physiological bias can be found
depression
a mood disorder in which someone experiences five or more symptoms at least one of which must be depressed mood or lose of interest/pleasure, for at least two weeks
biological approach
believe that disorders have an organic or physical cause
cognitive approach
teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking
humanistic approach
centers around your experience and perspective, therapists have unconditional positive regard
group therapy
therapy with groups rather than individuals
what light is used for
helps improve mood and energy for people with SAD
behavioral approach
applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted emotions: counterconditioning, exposure, therapy, and systematic desensitizations
psychoanalytic ideas/components
believe psychological problems are routed in the unconscious
sociocultural approach
looks at you, your behaviors, your symptoms in context of your culture and background
client-centered therapy
type of therapy where the therapist has an accepting, genuine, and empathetic environment
systematic desensitization
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
ECT
a biochemical therapy for severely depressed patients in which an electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
CBT
integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavioral therapy
what antipsychotics are used for
to treat schizophrenia and other thought disorders
REBT
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
what lithium treats
bipolar disorder
transference
the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
how SSRIs work (names of these-most commonly known)
block the absorption and removal of serotonin from synapses (Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil)
companionate love
the deep affectional attraction we feel for those whom our lives are intertwined with
role
a set of expectations about a serial position, defining how those in the position should behave
factors in attraction
physical attractiveness, proximity, similarity, and reciprocity
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
normative social influence
influence resulting from someone’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others opinions’ about reality
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself positively
confirmation bias
a tendency to look for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
cognitive dissonace
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
conformity
adjusting out behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, relate, and influence others
mere-exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
in-group bias
the tendency to favor our own group
groupthink
the mode of thinking when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
social facilitation
improved performance on simple well learned tasks in the presence of others
diffusion of responsibility
phenomenon where someone is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when other people are present
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
door-in-the-face phenomenon
the tendency for someone to agree to a request if previously asked a larger request
just-world hypothesis
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
group polarization
the enhancement of a groups’ prevailing inclinations through discussion in the group
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
