Final Exam Material Flashcards
What are the 4 genera of the family Rhabdoviridae
- Lyssavirus
- Vesiculovirus
- Ephemerovirus
- Novirhabdovirus
What virus causes rabies like disease?
Lyssavirus
What are the virion properties of rhabdoviruses?
- RNA Virus
- Genome is single stranded, linear, negative sense RNA
- Enveloped
- Rod or cone -shaped
T/F Virions of rhabdovirus is not stable in the environment?
False they are relatively stable in the environment
- can withstand alkaline pH
- Sensitive to UV
- Detergent based disinfectants are effective disinfectants
Where does replication of rhabdoviruses take place?
Cytoplasm
What sp. of bats is a common reservoir of rabies virus in many parts of the world?
Silver-haired bats
In central and south america rabies is transmitted to cattle by what bat?
Vampire bats
What virus has the presence of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (negri bodies) in neurons
Rabies
What is the gold standard test for diagnosing rabies
Fluorescent antibody test (FAT)
What virus causes vesicular stomatitis?
Vesiculovirus -vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
T/F Vesiculovirus is clinically indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases of swine and cattle (e.g FMD)
True
T/F Vesicular lesions in horses are only characteristic of VSV infection
True
T/F Vesicular stomatitis is NOT a zoonotic disease?
False- it is zoonotic
What are the virion properties of picornavirus
- Non-enveloped, single stranded, positive sense RNA viruses
- Genomic RNA is infectious
Is picornaviruses stable in mucus and feces?
Yes
Can picornaviruses withstand strong sunlight?
Yes
What is an effective disinfectant of picornaviruses?
Sodium Carbonate
What is a distinct clinical sign of foot-and-mouth disease virus?
-Vesicles on the coronary bands and interdigital space
How is FMD transmitted?
- Respiratory aerosols (survives 1-2 days in human resp. tract)
- Direct contact
- Indirect contact via fomites
What are the clinical features of Ephemerobvirus- Bovine ephemeral fever virus
- Immediate drop in milk production
- Occasionally nasal and ocular discharge
What are the 3 genus in the family Reoviridae that we need to know?
- Orbivirus
- Rotavirus
- Orthoreovirus
Family reoviridae ; genus orbivirus causes what viruses?
- African Horse Sickness virus
- Bluetoungue virus
Family reoviridae; genus rotavirus causes what virus?
RVA (Group A Rotavirus)
Family reoviridae; genus Orthoreovirus causes what virus?
Avian Reovirus
Blue tongue effects what species?
Most susceptible/common host: sheep (particularly fine wool and mutton breeds that are common in Europe) and some species of Deer, such as white tail deer.
T/F Bluetongue is a “List A” disease of the office of international epizootics (OIE).
True
How is blue tongue virus transmitted?
- Arthropod (insect)-borne transmission (major route of transmission)
- Transmitted biologically by certain species of Culicoides, a genus of biting midge
What are some of the less significant routes of transmission of blue tongue virus?
- Trans-placental transmission
- Venereal transmission
Clinical findings of BTV in sheep
- Cyanosis, necrotic ulceration of tongue
- Erosion of dental pad, Necrosis, Hyperemia, Ulceration in oral cavity.
- Coronitis and Laminitis causing lameness
- Extensive facial swelling
- Aborted, macerated fetus
How to prevent BTV?
- Vaccination: attenuated vaccine.
- Vector control
- Reduce exposure to biting insects
- Slaughter of sick or viremic animals
T/F African Horse Sickness (AHS) is infectious, non-contagious, arthropod-borne disease of horses, donkeys and mules.
True
T/F dogs sometimes contract a highly fatal form of AHS, resulted from the ingestion of infected carcass material from horses that have died from AHS.
True
T/F AHS is a “List A infectious Disease”
True
African Horse Sickness (AHS) is caused by a virus belonging to what genus?
Orbivirus
How is AHS transmitted?
Transmitted by Culicoides species
-Zebras are inapparently infected, reservoir
What are the clinical findings of AHS?
- Acute (pulmonary) Horse Sickness (Dunkop)
- Subacute (cardiac) Horse Sickness (Dikkop)
T/F Rotaviruses are one of the major causes of severe viral diarrhea in young mammals and birds.
True
How is Rotavirus transmitted in animals and humans?
- Infected stool contains large number of viruses
- Fecal-oral transmission is the most likely route of infection
- Virus can survive in enviornment
- Main site of viral multiplication is the mature enterocytes on the villi of upper small intestine.
What are some Rotavirus symptoms?
- Severe diarrhea in young different animals
- Profuse diarrhea, anorexia, dehydration and occasionally mild fever.
- Uncomplicated cases usually recover within 3-4 days
T/F Rotaviruses are not zoonotic
False- They are zoonotic
What is the predominant host of avian Reovirus ?
Viral arthritis/tenosynovitis is predominantly a disease of meat-type chickens (broilers) and is an important cause of leg weakness.
How is avian reovirus transmitted?
-Fecal-roal route, transovarial and inhalation
What is the pathogenesis of avian reovirus?
After intestinal replication, the virus spreads via the bloodstream to all parts of the body. Pathogenic viruses localize in the hock joint, where they cause arthritis.
What are some clinical findings of avian reovirus?
- Lameness
- Viral arthritis/tenosynovitis
- swollen and inflamed hock joints
- Clear synovial fluid and inflammation of synovial membranes.
- Ruptured gastrocnemius tendons
How do you prevent avian reovirus?
-Live and attenuated vaccines are available
What is the common biological vector of bluetongue virus
Culicoides
Rotavirus is primarily transmitted by?
Fecal-oral route
Dunkop and Dikkop forms are clinical forms of what virus?
African Horse Sickness
What are the viruses associated with Togaviridae?
- Eastern equine encephalitis virus
- Western equine encephalitis virus
- Highlands J Virus
- Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
What are the three equine viral encephalitis caused by alphaviruses?
- Western Equine encephalitis virus (WEEV)
- Eastern Equine encephalitis virus (EEEV)
- Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus (VEEV)
T/F Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a zoonotic disease transmitted by mosquitoes.
True
T/F Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a zoonotic disease transmitted by mosquitoes.
True
Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus transmission cycle is maintained how?
maintained between passerine birds as reservoirs/amplification host and Culiseta melanura (insect) is the main enzootic vector in swamp habitats.
T/F WEEV appears to be less virulent than EEEV.
True
T/F in WEEV and EEEV humans and horses are both dead-end host.
True
T/F In the enzootic cycle of VEEV human and equine are accidental host?
True
T/F In the epizootic cycle of VEEV only humans are the dead-end host?
True
What are some clinical signs of VEEV in horses?
-Non-suppurative encephalomyelitis
How do we control and prevent equine encephalitis ?
- Formalin inactivated EEEV and WEEV vaccines are available.
- VEEV have a tissue culture attenuated vaccine.
- There is no vaccine for humans
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) in pigs belongs to what genus ?
Genus= Coronavirus of the family = coronaviridae
T/F Transmissible gastroenteritis is classified as OIE list B disease
True
What is the major route of transmission of TGE virus
Fecal-oral
What are clinical signs of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) in pigs?
- Profuse diarrhea in piglets
- Vomiting, severe depression & dehydration
- Watery, yellow-green stool with offensive odor
- Feces containing clots of undigested milk
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) is caused by what?
Coronavirus (group 1b).
How is porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spread?
Spread via the fecal-oral route.
Winter dysentery in cows is caused by what?
bovine Coronavirus
How is FIP spread?
Major = fecal-oral transmission
-inhalation & transplacental
T/F Avirulent and Virulent forms of FIP are simultaneously circulating in cat populations
True
T/F cats with effusive (wet) form of FIP have a weak cell mediated immunity and strong humoral response?
True
T/F Virulent form of FIP replicate efficiently in monocytes and macrophages?
True
T/F the vaccine for FIP is highly recommended.
False
What is avian infectious bronchitis caused by?
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus
Where is the pathology of avian infectious bronchitis commonly observed?
In respiratory tract, some strains are highly nephropathogenic.
T/F there are vaccines available for infectious bronchitis virus.
True- live and inactivate vaccines
T/F Torovirus is doughnut shaped
True
T/F porcine epidemic diarrhea has been reported in the USA
True
T/F It is believed that critical mutations in the feline enteric coronavirus genome results in emergence coronaviruses that cause feline infectious peritonitis
True
T/F Birds infected with Avian infectious bronchitis virus exhibit only clinical signs of respiratory disease
False
What are the two genus in the family Caliciviridae that we are responsible for?
- Vesivirus
- Norovirus
Feline Calicivirus belongs to what genus and family?
genus = Vesivirus family = Caliciviridae
How is feline calicivirus spread?
Virus is shed in oral, nasal and conjunctival secretions.
- Largely by direct contact
Where are the most prominent lesions located in feline calicivirus?
Tongue ulcers
T/F feline calicivirus is occasionally associated with lameness (limping syndrome)
True
T/F Feline calicivirus also has a virulent systemic disease?
True
Vesicular exanthema of swine (VES) is in what genus?
Calicivirus
Vesicular exanthema of swine is characterized by what?
fever and formation of vesicles on the snout, oral mucosa, soles of the feet, the coronary band and between the toes.
T/F in pigs vesicular exanthema of swine -the clinical signs are indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and swine vesicular disease.
True
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is in what genus?
Birnavirus
What is the predilection site for infectious bursal disease
Bursa of fabricius
what is another name for infectious bursal disease?
Gumboro disease
T/F Serotype 2 of infectious bursal disease is pathogenic to chickens?
False- serotype 2 is asymptomatic in chicken and turkeys
T/F serotype 1 of infectious bursal disease is pathogenic to chickens
true
how is infectious bursal disease transmitted?
- Virus excreted by infected birds
- Fecal-oral transmission
T/F Infectious bursal disease is very stable in nature. It can survive in poultry houses even after cleaning and disinfection. It can also be detected in water and feed even after 52 days.
True
T/F there are vaccines for infectious bursal disease
true
T/F for infectious bursal disease– mild vaccine strains that cause no bursal lesions cannot be used effectively in chicks with maternal-derived antibodies until about 4 weeks of age as they are neutralized.
TRUE
What are the two subfamilies or retroviridae
- Orthoretrovirinae
- Spumaretrovirinae
T/F all retroviruses replicate with use of the reverse transcriptase, an enzyme encoded by the virus
True
What are the 6 genus’s of orthroretrovirinae ?
- Alpha
- Beta
- Gamma
- Delta
- Epsilon
- Lentivirus
Alpharetroviruses are represented by what?
-Avian leukosis and Sarcoma Virus
T/F Exogenous retroviruses are those viruses transmitted horizontally and are rarely transmitted via in-utero or germ line infection
True
Endogenous retroviruses are those viruses included in the genome of most if not all animals
True
What are the 4 members of alpharetrovirus genus?
- Avain leucosis virus
- Avian sarcoma virus
- Avian myeloblastosis virus
- Rous sarcoma virus
What retrovirus has the largest number of members? and what are some of them?
- Gammaretroviruses
- These include murine leukemia virus, feline leukemia virus etc.
What are the members of gammaretroviruses?
- *FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS**
- Feline Sarcoma virus
- Avian reticuloendothelosis virus
T/F Deltaretroviruses are complex retroviruses
True
What are two famous examples of deltaretroviruses?
human-T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) and Bovine leukemia virus
In regards to deltaretroviruses what does the genom consist of ?
gag, pro, pol, env, and regulatory genes rex and tax.
T/F Rex and Tax control synthesis and processing of viral RNA
True
T/F exogenous retroviruses are found only in a few mammals
True
T/F Epsilonretroviruses are complex retroviruses?
True
What is the prototype epsilonretrovirus?
Walleye dermal sarcoma virus
T/F Lentiviruses are complex viruses?
True
What are the most important members of lentiviruses?
- HIV
- FIV
- Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus
- Meadi-visna virus
T/F Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) is a gammaretrovirus
True
T/F cats with FeLV viremia act as a source of infection
True
T/F FeLV has tropism to lymphoid tissue
True
T/F Feline immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus
True
What treatment can be used to eliminate FIV?
-None
Retroviruses that infect chicken belong to two distinct retrovirus genera -what are they?
- Alpharetroviruses- avian leucosis, myeloblastosis and sarcoma virus
- Gammaretroviruses- reticuloendotheloisis virus
T/F Oncogenis viruses are transmitted horizontally or vertically through infectious virus or provirus integrated into host germ cells DNA
True
T/F when chickens are horizontally infected at 5-6 days of age they are unlikely to develop leukemia
True
T/F If retrovirus is transmitted vertically (congenitally), chicken may develop persistent viremia for life due to immune tolerance
True
T/F Lymphoid leukosis is a disease caused by avian retroviruses
True
What disease is caused by replication-defective avian retrovirus?
Osteoporosis- “thick leg syndrome”
What is an example of cellular transformation of oncogenic viruses?
Erythroblastosis
Equine Infectious anemia virus (swamp fever) is what genus?
Lentivirus
How is equine infectious anemia virus transmitted?
Blood- instruments, biting insects.
Paramyxoviruses belong to what order
Mononegavirales
Mononegavirales encompass virus families such as what?
Rhabdoviridae (rabies), Filoviridae (ebola virus), Bornaviridae (Borna disease virus)
What are some of the examples of paramyxoviruses ?
Rinderpest, canine distemper virus, newcastle disease virus, nipah, measles, mumps.
What is the sub-families of paramyxoviridae ?
- Paramyxovirinae
- Pneumonvirinae
Newcastle Disease is a member of what family in what genus?
Member of paramyxoviridae family in the genus Avulavirus
T/F turkeys develop severe signs from new castle disease
False- chickens do.
How is new castle disease transmitted?
Direct contact- w/ secretions of infected birds via ingestion and inhalation
- Fomites;
- Hatching chicks may be infected through the egg
How long is the incubation period of newcastle disease?
2-15 days
T/F Clinical signs alone are enough to present a reliable diagnosis of new castle disease?
False- they do NOT present a reliable basis for diagnosis of newcastle disease
T/F Lentogenic strains are usually associated with subclinical disease marked by mild respiratory symptoms, coughing, gasping, sneezing and rales.
True
T/F Mesogenic strains may cause acute respiratory disease but mortality rate is usually low.
True
T/F Velogenic strains cause severe disease in chickens with a high mortality rate
True
T/F Velogenic strains show later clinical signs of greenish, or white watery diarrhea, dyspnea, inflammation of the head and neck often with cyanotic discoloration.
True
T/F Velogenic strains have neurologic signs that are manifested as: tremors, tonic/clonic spasms, wing/leg paresis, or paralysis, torticollia, and aberrant circling behavior
True
T/F There are vaccines available for lentogenic and mesogenic strains
True
What does Nipah virus cause?
Causes encephalitis and respiratory illness
T/F Nipah virus is an emerging zoonosis
True
The virus Henipavirus causes what disease in pigs?
Severe, Resp. Disease
How is Henipavirus transmitted?
The reservoir host is flying foxes (fruit bats)
-It is unclear how the virus was transmitted from bats to pigs
T/F Henipavirus -dogs and cats in close contact with infected pigs may transmit the virus
True
Henipavirus has what clinical signs in young swine (>1-6 months old)
- Acute fever
- Laboured breathing, nasal discharge, loud non-productie cough (“barking pig syndrome” or “one-mile coughing”)
- Neurological signs
Henipavirus has what clinical signs in older swine (>6 months old)
- Marked neurologic signs
- Resp. signs
- Morbidity approaches 100%
T/F Nipah virus is classified as a BSL 4 agent
True
T/F There is no vaccine for Nipah virus
True
Canine distemper virus belongs to what genus?
Morbilivirus genus
T/F Canine distemper virus is a rare disease in dogs in the developed world
True
Which distinct lineage of canine distemper virus is circulating in raccoons in the USA
America-1
What are the clinical features of canine distemper
- 50% of infections are subclinical or mild
- Mild canine distemper: is inappetence, fever, signs of resp. tract infections
- Severe generalized distemper is fever, inflammation of the upper resp. tract (serous or mucopurulent nasal discharge)
How is canine distemper transmitted
- Virus is shed in all secretions and excretions
- Transmitted through direct contact, droplets and aerosols
- Young dogs are highly susceptible
What is the pathogenesis of canine distemper virus
- Virus replicates in the upper resp. tract macrophages
- Spreads to tonsils and lymph nodes
- Virus infects all cells expressing CD150
- Virus then enters the blood stream and infects T and B cells
T/F Fowl plague is recognized as a filterable agent
True
What are the genera of orthomyxoviridae?
- Influenza A
- Influenza B
- Influenza C
- Thogotovirus
- Isavirus
T/F Influenza A genus contains human, equine, swine and domestic poultry viruses
True
T/F Orthomyxoviruses cause diseases referred to as “influenza” hence generally called influenza viruses
True
How are influenza viruses classified?
based on type of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
T/F orthomyxoviruses genome is segmented
True
T/F Influenza C lack neurminidase
True
T/F influenza viruses are sensitive to heat, acidic pH and lipid solvents
True
Where does the replication of orthomyxoviruses take place
Nucleus
T/F Equine influenza viruses is the most important viral respiratory disease of horses.
True
T/F Avian influenza is a notifiable disease
True
In birds where does avian influenza replicate?
-Intestinal and resp. tract
T/F Swine influenza does not infect humans
False- it does.
What virus causes yellow fever and was transmitted by mosquitoes
Flaviviruses
Flaviviridae contains 3 genera: what are the 3?
- Flavivirus*
- Pestivirus*
- Hepacivirus
T/F Flaviviridae is a single stranded RNA genome of a positive sense
True
Where does replication take place in Flaviviridae viruses
Cytoplasm
How are flaviviruses inactivated
- Heat
- Common disinfectants
- Lipid solvents
T/F Classical swine fever virus is stable in meat and meat products
True
T/F In west nile virus (flavivirus) human and horses (domestic animals) are accidental hosts
True
What are some clinical signs of a horse infected with west nile virus
- Fever
- Weakness
- Abnormality in gait
- Recumbence
What is the pathogenesis of west nile virus in birds
- High viremia
- Post-mortem: widespread necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammation in several organs
What is the pathogenesis of west nile virus in horses
- Low viremia
- CNS lesions occur with minimal or no involvement of other organs
- Necrotic foci in neuronal tissue
How is West Nile Virus diagnosed
-IgM ELISA
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus is from what genus
Pestivirus
Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus may cause high morbidity and mortality
True
How is bovine viral diarrhea transmitted?
from herd to herd by feed and fomites contaminated with urine, oral and nasal secretions, feces and amniotic fluid
What are some clinical features of infection in non-pregnant cattle
- Mild clinical course
- Biphasic fever
- Diarrhea
- Ulceration on lips, muzzle, oral cavity
What are some clinical features of infection in pregnant cattle
- Depends on fetus age
- Infection in early pregnancy - embryonic death and resorption
- retarted growth “weak calf syndrome”
What are some clinical features of infection in persistent infection in calves and mucosal disease
- Fail to thrive
- Mucosal disease develops when co-infection with a cytopathic virus strain
- Profuse watery diarrhea
How can you diagnosis bovine viral diarrhea virus
-Detection of viral antigen in ear notch samples
T/F Classical swine fever virus is a notifiable disease
True
Classical swine fever is also called what
Hog Cholera
Classical swine fever virus has tropism for what
-vascular endothelium, mononuclear phagocytes
What are the clinical features of classical swine fever
- Disease is accompanied by very high fever
- Diffuse hyperemia on the abdomen and ears
- Morbidity and mortality may approach 100%
- Chronic diarrhea (moderately virulent strain)
T/F Classical swine fever low virulence strain may have no visible clinical signs
True
How do you control classical swine fever
Cull infected animals
Arteriviridae belongs to what order?
Nidovirales
What are the two viruses we need to know that are Arteriviruses
- Equine Arteritis Virus
- Porcine repro and resp. syndrome virus
T/F GP5 is responsible for induction of neutralizing antibodies
True
Where do arteriviruses replicate mainly?
Macrophages
How is equine arteritis virus mostly spread?
mostly spread by non-symptomatically infected stallions
What are some clinical features of equine arteritis virus
- Mostly asymptomatic
- Infection occurs through resp. or venereal routes
- Incubation period is 3-14 days
- Excessive lacrimation
- Conjunctivitis
- Edema
- Abortion
- Virus is confined to the repro. system during persistence
What is the pathogensis of Equine Arteritis Virus
- Replication, in alveolar macrophages and endothelial cells
- Virus also infects mesothelium, smooth muscles of the media of arteries and uterine wall
What is the pathology of Equine Arteritis Virus
- Edema, Congestion, Hemorrhage
- Excessive fluid in peritoneal and pleural cavities
How to prevent Equine Arteritis virus
- ID carrier stallions
- Vaccinate before pregnancy
T/F Porcine repro. and resp. syndrome virus - reproductive failure is mainly observed in gilts or sows and less frequent in boars
True
How is Porcine repro. and resp. syndrome virus transmitted
- Nasal secretion, Urine, Semen, mammary gland secretions
- Spreads by contact
- Mosquitoes and house flies may act as fomites to spread the virus!
what are key clinical signs Porcine repro. and resp. syndrome virus
- Cyanosis of ears, abdomen, and vulva
- Decrease semen quality in boars
How do you diagnosis Porcine repro. and resp. syndrome virus
- Clinical signs and history are often suggestive of PRRSV infection
- Virus isolation, fluorescent antibody test, or IMHC, genome detection by PCR
How do you control Porcine repro. and resp. syndrome virus
-No single successful control measure
What are the top 5 genera of Bunyaviridae
- Orthrobunyavirus
- Phelbovirus
- Nairovirus
- Hantavirus
- Tospovirus
Orthrobunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Nairovirus are what viruses?
-Arboviruses = arthropod borne viruses
Akabane virus causes what
- Hydraencephaly
- Arthrogryposis
T/F Akabane virus replicates in nervous system to fetus
True
Akabane is what type of virus
Orthobunyavirus
Rift valley fever virus is what type of virus
Phlebovirus
Rift valley fever virus is a disease of what species
Sheep, Goat, and Cattle
How is rift valley fever virus transmitted
Mosquitoes- Aedes spp.
What are some clinical signs that animals infected with Rift Valley Fever develop?
- Fever
- Inappetence
- Mucopurulent nasal discharge
- Bloody Diarrhea
What is the usual cause of death of animals infected with Rift Valley fever?
Hepatic Necrosis, renal failure
T/F If Rift Valley Fever is detected, it is treated as an emergence- it is a zoonotic pathogen and a BSL-3 Agent
True
T/F Borna disease virus is the only member of the genus Bornavirus
True
T/F The G protein in Bornavirus is responsible for induction of neutralizing antibodies
True
Where does replication of Bornavirus take place
Nucleus
T/F Borna disease virus is a natural infection in horses and sheep
True
T/F Borna disease virus is a rare neurological disease that may be fatal
True
T/F How is Borna Virus transmitted
Oronasal transmission
What are some clinical signs of Borna virus
- Fever
- Abnormal behavior- chewing motion, without food intake
- Head pressing
- At later stages paralysis, nystagmus, pupillary reflex dysfunction, blindness
T/F Borna virus has a pathology of extensive perivascular cuffing with T cells, macrophages and plasma cells
True
Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in neurons called “Joest-Degen” bodies are pathognomonic for what virus ?
Borna Disease Virus
Avian bornavirus causes what
- Proventricular dilatation disease
- Paralytic dilatation of the oesophagus and proventriculus
T/F Astrovirus causes fatal disease only in birds
True
What are the virion properties of Astrovirus?
- non-eveloped
- Linear, positive sense, single-stranded RNA
- Virions resistant to low pH and lipid solvents
T/F Astrovirus RNA is infectious
True
The abnormal protein of prion is called what
PrPSC
