Final Exam Material Flashcards
What are some general characteristics of hormones?
Only minute amounts are needed, half life is from minutes to a few hours, they alter cell function by gene transcription, protein synthesis, and enzyme activation, and have basal and secretory patterns.
What are some general characteristics of oxytocin?
Released from the posteriory pituitary, stimulates uterin contractions during childbirth, stimulates milk let down, and is one of the only positive feedback loops.
What do alpha cells of the pancreas release?
Glucagon.
What do beta cells of the pancreas release?
Insulin
What do gamma cells of the pancreas release?
Somatosatin
Name the hormones released by the anterior pituitary.
TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropic hormones, prolactin, coriticosteroids.
What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?
Stimulates adrenal gland to release cortisol.
What does prolactin do?
Stimulates the mammary gland to make milk.
What type of hormone is aldosterone?
Corticosteroid
What is the function of aldosterone?
Electrolyte balance.
What does hyposecretion of ACTH cause?
Addison’s disease.
What does hypersecretion of ACTH cause?
Cushing’s disease.
What hormones does the thyroid release?
Calcitonin, T3 and T4.
What is released when calcium levels are low?
Parathyroid hormone.
What is cholescystokinin and where is it released?
Released in the small intestine. Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile.
What does secretin do?
Induces the secretion of bicarbonate fluids.
How does the body regulate blood glucose?
Insulin stimulates glucose intake by the cells and lowers blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates breakdown of glycogen, increasing blood glucose levels.
What stimulates the uptake of calcium from the blood stream?
Calcitonin.
What causes the release of calcium into the blood stream?
Parathyroid hormone.
What causes type I diabetes?
The decreased activity of beta cells in the pancreas, causing decreased levels of insulin.
What causes type II diabetes?
Insulin receptors become desensitized and higher levels of insulin are required for needed glucose uptake and storage by cells.
What differentiates men and women when speaking of genetic sex?
The presence of the SRY gene causes maleness.
What causes maleness when speaking of endocrine sex?
testosterone, mullerian inhibiting hormone.
What makes maleness when speaking of internal phenotypic sex?
The wolfian ducts develop.
How does maleness develop when speaking of external phenotypic sex?
Under the influence of DHT, penis and scrotum develop.
Where does sperm production take place?
The seminiferous tubule.
Where does sperm storage take place?
Vas deferens
Where does testosterone synthesis take place?
The pituitary gland.
How is testosterone synthesis regulated?
GRH is released, stimulating the production of LH and FSH. LH and FSH stimulates the release of testosterone. The presence of testosterone down regulates the synthesis of GRH.
What are the three cycles of menstruation?
The menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and the secretory phase.
What sitmulates ovulation?
Luteinizing hormone.
What hormones are low during menopause?
Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease.
What hormones are high during menopause?
LH and FSH
When is fertilization most likely to occur?
Day 14 of the menstrual cycle between the follicular phase and the luteal phase.
When does implantation occur?
6 or 7 days after fertilization.
What triggers parturition?
Oxytosin
What happens at fertilization?
The sperm and the zona pellucida unite.
What is the group of cells called 3-4 days after fertilization?
The morula
