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PD BIO 305 > Final Exam Material > Flashcards

Final Exam Material Flashcards

1
Q

What are some general characteristics of hormones?

A

Only minute amounts are needed, half life is from minutes to a few hours, they alter cell function by gene transcription, protein synthesis, and enzyme activation, and have basal and secretory patterns.

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2
Q

What are some general characteristics of oxytocin?

A

Released from the posteriory pituitary, stimulates uterin contractions during childbirth, stimulates milk let down, and is one of the only positive feedback loops.

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3
Q

What do alpha cells of the pancreas release?

A

Glucagon.

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4
Q

What do beta cells of the pancreas release?

A

Insulin

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5
Q

What do gamma cells of the pancreas release?

A

Somatosatin

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6
Q

Name the hormones released by the anterior pituitary.

A

TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropic hormones, prolactin, coriticosteroids.

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7
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

Stimulates adrenal gland to release cortisol.

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8
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulates the mammary gland to make milk.

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9
Q

What type of hormone is aldosterone?

A

Corticosteroid

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10
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Electrolyte balance.

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11
Q

What does hyposecretion of ACTH cause?

A

Addison’s disease.

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12
Q

What does hypersecretion of ACTH cause?

A

Cushing’s disease.

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13
Q

What hormones does the thyroid release?

A

Calcitonin, T3 and T4.

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14
Q

What is released when calcium levels are low?

A

Parathyroid hormone.

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15
Q

What is cholescystokinin and where is it released?

A

Released in the small intestine. Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile.

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16
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Induces the secretion of bicarbonate fluids.

17
Q

How does the body regulate blood glucose?

A

Insulin stimulates glucose intake by the cells and lowers blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates breakdown of glycogen, increasing blood glucose levels.

18
Q

What stimulates the uptake of calcium from the blood stream?

A

Calcitonin.

19
Q

What causes the release of calcium into the blood stream?

A

Parathyroid hormone.

20
Q

What causes type I diabetes?

A

The decreased activity of beta cells in the pancreas, causing decreased levels of insulin.

21
Q

What causes type II diabetes?

A

Insulin receptors become desensitized and higher levels of insulin are required for needed glucose uptake and storage by cells.

22
Q

What differentiates men and women when speaking of genetic sex?

A

The presence of the SRY gene causes maleness.

23
Q

What causes maleness when speaking of endocrine sex?

A

testosterone, mullerian inhibiting hormone.

24
Q

What makes maleness when speaking of internal phenotypic sex?

A

The wolfian ducts develop.

25
Q

How does maleness develop when speaking of external phenotypic sex?

A

Under the influence of DHT, penis and scrotum develop.

26
Q

Where does sperm production take place?

A

The seminiferous tubule.

27
Q

Where does sperm storage take place?

A

Vas deferens

28
Q

Where does testosterone synthesis take place?

A

The pituitary gland.

29
Q

How is testosterone synthesis regulated?

A

GRH is released, stimulating the production of LH and FSH. LH and FSH stimulates the release of testosterone. The presence of testosterone down regulates the synthesis of GRH.

30
Q

What are the three cycles of menstruation?

A

The menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and the secretory phase.

31
Q

What sitmulates ovulation?

A

Luteinizing hormone.

32
Q

What hormones are low during menopause?

A

Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease.

33
Q

What hormones are high during menopause?

A

LH and FSH

34
Q

When is fertilization most likely to occur?

A

Day 14 of the menstrual cycle between the follicular phase and the luteal phase.

35
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

6 or 7 days after fertilization.

36
Q

What triggers parturition?

A

Oxytosin

37
Q

What happens at fertilization?

A

The sperm and the zona pellucida unite.

38
Q

What is the group of cells called 3-4 days after fertilization?

A

The morula

PD BIO 305 (4 decks)

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