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PD BIO 305 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The blood brain barrier is formed by what?

A

Tight junctions between brain capillary cells.

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2
Q

What does the cerebral cortex control?

A

Sensory perception, voluntary movement, language, personality, and sophisticated mental events.

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3
Q

What does the primary motor cortex in the left brain hemisphere control?

A

Skeletal muscle (voluntary) in the right side of the body. Opposite sides of the body are controlled by opposite sides of the brain.

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4
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The sense of body position.

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5
Q

What does the thalamus perform?

A

Preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to the cortex.

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6
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

Hormone secretion, thirst, hunger, body temperature, sexual drive, and the pituitary gland and its secretions. An important connection between the nervous and endocrine systems. Also associated with emotion and basic behavioral patterns.

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7
Q

What is controlled by the basal nuclei?

A

Inhibition of muscle tone, coordination of slow sustained movements, inhibition of useless patterns of movement.

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8
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A

Emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, olfaction. Emotions are primary responsibility.

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9
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Maintenance of balance, enhancement of muscle tone, and coordination and planning of skilled muscle activity.

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10
Q

What type of sleep occupies a greater percentage of sleep?

A

Slow wave sleep.

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11
Q

What type of tracts transmit signals up the spinal chord to the brain?

A

Ascending afferent tracts.

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12
Q

What types of pathways send an impulse to an organ that make a response in the reflex pathway?

A

Efferent pathways.

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13
Q

What type of reflex is a monosynaptic reflex?

A

The stretch reflex.

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14
Q

What forms myelin around axons of the central nervous system?

A

Ogliodendrocytes.

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15
Q

Nerves from what system control skeletal muscle?

A

The somatic nervous system.

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16
Q

How is transport across brain walls prevented anatomically?

A

Tight junctions.

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17
Q

The brain has absolute requirements for what?

A

Glucose and oxygen.

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18
Q

What is trigeminal function associated with?

A

Function of the face and head.

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19
Q

What is perception?

A

Conscious interpretation of external stimuli.

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20
Q

The vagus nerve is associated with what?

A

The control of many internal organs in the central body cavity.

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21
Q

What do sensory receptors do?

A

Respond to chemical and physical changes, change other forms of energy into electrical energy, respond more readily to their adequate stimulus, and are found in the peripheral ending of afferent neurons.

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22
Q

What do phasic receptors do?

A

They exhibit an off response, signal a change in stimulus intensity, and are rapidly adapting receptors.

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23
Q

What is associated with hearing?

A

The cochlea.

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24
Q

How is the pitch of a sound determined?

A

The frequency of vibration of air molecules.

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25
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A

20 to 20000 Hz

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26
Q

What vibrates when struck by sound waves?

A

The tympanic membrane.

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27
Q

What is the order of ossicle vibration when hearing occurs?

A

Malleus to incus to stapes.

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28
Q

Where are sound waves converted into nerve impulses?

A

The cochlea.

29
Q

How are high and low frequencies observed?

A

Low frequencies deflect the basilar membrane at a greater distance from the oval window. High frequencies closer to the oval window.

30
Q

What type of fiber does not release acetylcholine?

A

Postganglionic nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine.

31
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation do to heart rate and digestive motility?

A

Decreases heart rate, increases digestive motility.

32
Q

What is acetylcholinesterase?

A

It inactivates acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

33
Q

Are action potentials transmitted on a one to one basis at neuromuscular junctions? At synapses?

A

Yes at neuromuscular junctions, no at synapses.

34
Q

What makes muscle fibers striated?

A

The regular orderly arrangement of the thick and thin filaments.

35
Q

What is found in the A band?

A

Myosin.

36
Q

What composes thick filaments in skeletal muscle?

A

Myosin.

37
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A

Sarcomeres arranged end to end.

38
Q

What do cross-bridges involve?

A

Contraction and myosin.

39
Q

What do all three types of muscle fibers have?

A

Actin and myosin.

40
Q

What prevents cross bridges from attaching to thin filaments?

A

Tropomyosin.

41
Q

What is the binder of cross bridges to thin filaments?

A

Troponin.

42
Q

What do thin filaments do in muscle contractions?

A

They slide inward toward the center of the A band.

43
Q

What is the order of events in the development of an action potential in a muscle cell?

A

Sodium channels open, synaptic vesicles fuse with the neuron membrane and release Ach via exocytosis, Ach binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, calcium chanels open, allowing calcium to flow in , an action potential develops in the muscle cells.

44
Q

What does a motor unit refer to?

A

A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.

45
Q

To pick something heavier up, what do you do?

A

You stimulate more motor neurons.

46
Q

What is summation in muscle twitches?

A

The twitches generated by individual action potential adding together.

47
Q

What are the characteristics of a marathon runner’s legs?

A

High resistance to fatigue, many mitochondria, slow speed of contraction, and low glycogen content. They also have high myoglobin content.

48
Q

What stimulates myosin/actin binding?

A

Increased calcium in the cytoplasm of the cell.

49
Q

What is the sac enclosing the heart?

A

The pericardium.

50
Q

How are adjacent cardiac muscle fibers joined together?

A

Intercalated discs.

51
Q

What prevents the regurgitation of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?

A

The tricuspid valve.

52
Q

What receives oxygen poor blood from the vena cava?

A

The right atrium.

53
Q

When do the ventricles contract?

A

During ventricular systole.

54
Q

When does blood enter the heart?

A

During diastole.

55
Q

What is the order of the nerve impulse in the heart?

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers.

56
Q

What happens in the ejection phase of ventricular systole?

A

Left ventricle volume decreases, forcing blood through the aortic valve, and aortic pressure increases.

57
Q

What happens during the p-wave?

A

Ventricular diastole.

58
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heart rate(stroke volume) = minute cardiac output.

59
Q

When is volume of the ventricles the least?

A

Right after systole.

60
Q

What hormones increase heart rate and cardiac output?

A

Norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves.

61
Q

How do you increase end diastolic volume?

A

Increase the rate of venous return.

62
Q

Baroreceptors measure what?

A

Mean arterial pressure in the aortic arch.

63
Q

What happens during the T-wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization.

64
Q

What does the p-wave represent?

A

Atrial depolarization.

65
Q

The QRS complex represents what?

A

Ventricular depolarization.

66
Q

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid are types of what?

A

Capillaries.

67
Q

What is atherosclerosis and what does it contribute to?

A

Hypertension, heart attacks, strokes, and aneurisms.

68
Q

What factors affect venous return?

A

Low pressure, muscle pumps, low resistance, and one way valves.

69
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure?

A

[systolic + 2(diatolic)]/3

PD BIO 305 (4 decks)

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