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Psychology > Final Exam (Lectures) > Flashcards

Final Exam (Lectures) Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

Science of behavior and mental processes.

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2
Q

Biologically Psychology

A

Study of how behaviors are related to brain activities.

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3
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Study of mental processes.

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4
Q

Social Psychology

A

Study of how individuals are influenced by others.

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5
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Study of how we change over time.

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6
Q

Personality Psychology

A

Study of how we change over time.

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7
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Study and treatment of abnormal behavior.

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8
Q

Positive Psychology

A

Study of health and well being.

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9
Q

What are the causes of behavior?

A

Biological
Cognitive
Learning
Psychoanalysis
Psycho-dynamic

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10
Q

Research Methods

A

1.Introspection
2.Observation Of Behaviors
3.Scientific Knowledge

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11
Q

Introspection

A

Looking inwards at your thoughts, feelings, etc.

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12
Q

Observation Of Behavior

A

Great for generating questions but not for finding answers.

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13
Q

Scientific Knowledge

A

Beliefs based on evidence gathered in ways that protect us against confirmation bias,

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14
Q

Goals of Science

A
  1. Description- What happened?
  2. Explanation- What caused it to happen?
  3. Prediction-What is likely to happen?
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15
Q

A theory

A

A set of ideas used to understand events

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16
Q

Scientific Theories

A

Testable, measurable, events that can be repeated and seen by others.

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17
Q

Variables

A

Features of realities that change.

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18
Q

Surveys

A

Used to show whether variables are related.

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19
Q

Experiments

A

Show whether changes in one variable cause changes to another.

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20
Q

Independent variable

A

What an experimenter manipulates (cause).

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21
Q

Dependent Variable

A

What the experimenter measures (effect).

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22
Q

Control Condition

A

A situation which participant do not receive the treatment.

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23
Q

Random Assignment

A

Each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any condition.

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24
Q

External Validity

A

The results can be applied to other people in other places.

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25
Q

Nervous System

A

Communication system

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26
Q

Three Types of Neurons

A

-Sensory Neurons
-Motor Neurons
-Interneurons

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27
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Receives stimulation from the environment and sends signals to the brain.

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28
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Receives messages and and moves muscles.

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29
Q

Interneurons

A

Relays messages from one neuron to others.

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30
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Outward pathways that include the brain and spinal cord.

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31
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Connects to the rest of the body/
Sends inward pathways to control the nervous system.
Sensory and motor neurons.
Somatic and Autonomic.

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32
Q

Somatic System

A

Controls actions we voluntarily choose to control; muscles.

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33
Q

Autonomic System

A

Nerve fibers go to organs and glands.
Control is automatic; involuntary actions
Contains two systems:
-Sympathetic
-Parasympathetic

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34
Q

Sympathetic

A

Arouses the body to prepare for action.
“Fight or Flight”

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35
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Calms the body to conserve energy.
“Rest and Digest”

36
Q

Genes

A

Biological units that contain information for growing and maintaining the body.
-Genes are like a recipe.

37
Q

Brain Anatomy

A

Contains two major regions:
1. Brainstem
2. Cerebrum

38
Q

Brainstem

A

Includes:
-Medulla
-Pons
-Reticular Formation
-Cerebellum
-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus
-Limbic system

39
Q

Medulla

A

Automatic Functions, e.g breathing, and heart rate.
-Bottom of stem

40
Q

Pons

A

Involved with sleeping, walking, and dreaming;
relay station that carries signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

41
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Arouses cortex; screens incoming information and sends it to higher up in the brain.
-monitors just in case something happens; stands guard.

42
Q

Cerebellum

A

Regulates movement and balance.
-Remembers simple skills and routines
-Helps control fast movements.
-Analyzes sensory data, and understands words.
-Organizes sensory data and stores memories of our movements.

43
Q

Thalamus

A

Receives information from the peripheral nervous system and sends it to the central nervous system and receives from the central nervous system and sends it to the peripheral nervous system
-Size and shape of a walnut at the core of the brain.

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-Separate clusters of neurons have different functions.
-Responsible for: Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, and Sex.
-Size and shape of an almond.

45
Q

Limbic System

A

-Several loosely connected structures that many complicated behaviors demand on.
-Includes Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Septal Nuclei.

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

Forming new memories and learning.

47
Q

Amygdala

A

Fear and anger.

48
Q

Septal Nuclei

A

Produces endorphins to reduce pain and pleasure when stressed or sad.

49
Q

Cerebrum

A

-The cortex which is the outer layer holds the mind.
-Includes cerebral hemispheres.
-Connected by the corpus callosum.

50
Q

The Cortex

A

A group of organs.
-Contains lobes; brain regions.
-Lots of neurons with specific jobs.

51
Q

Lobes of the Cortex

A

-Frontal Lobe
-Parietal Lobe
-Temporal Lobe
-Occipital Lobe

52
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Planning and Problem-Solving.

53
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensory perception.

54
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory signals get processed.

55
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual information is processed.

56
Q

Brocas Area

A

-Area in the left frontal lobe.
-Damage to this area would cause people to struggle to produce sounds of speech.

57
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Damage to the left temporal lobe would cause people to struggle with putting together words in meaningful ways.

58
Q

How do neurons send signals?

A

Through an electrochemical process.
-Electrical: within a neuron.
-Chemical: Between neurons
Generates impulses signals inside a single neuron and that charge builds up and then will fire and travel down the axon.

59
Q

Components of Neurons

A

Contains:
-Soma
-Dendrites
-Axon

60
Q

Soma

A

Cell body.
-Takes in nutrients.
-Provides energy.

61
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives messages from other neurons.
-Gets stimulated by something outside neurons.
-Treelike; Branches.

62
Q

Axon

A

Sends messages to other neurons.
-Carries signals.
-Long tail.
-Signals travel down and head to the dendrites of nearby nerons.

63
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter that produces pleasure and deep satisfaction.

64
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

24 hr biological cycle.

65
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (SCN)

A

Sends signals its dark outside so we get sleepy and sends signals its light outside so we feel awake.

66
Q

Electroencephalograph

A

Converts electric activity in the brian into wavy line = brain waves.

67
Q

Sleep Stages

A

-Stage 1
-Stage 2
-Stage 3
-Rem

68
Q

Stage 1

A

-Drifting off
-Transitional stage
-About 10 mins
-Theta waves.

69
Q

Stage 2

A

-Light sleep
-Irregular brain waves
-Burst of rapid activities
-Slowing down
-Sleep spindles
-Alpha waves

70
Q

Stage 3

A

-Deepest sleep
-Very slow
-Delta waves
-Least amount of brain activity

71
Q

Rem (Rapid Eye Movement)

A

-Dream sleep
-Looks like beta
Include: Rapid eye movement, irregular breathing, relaxed muscle, higher blood pressure.

72
Q

Why do we go through Rem?

A

1.Restoration
2. Brain development
3. We need to sleep

73
Q

Restoration

A

Our body needs time to restore itself and build things back up.

74
Q

Deprivation

A

This leads to a reduced immune system and in Human Growth Hormone and this leads to high blood pressure, overeating, and weight gaining.

75
Q

Rem Rebound

A

Prevented from sleep leads to many more rem episodes.

76
Q

Brain Development

A

A lot of brain development occurs in our sleep and in Rem.

77
Q

Dreams

A

Story-like dreams occuring during REM

78
Q

Content of Dreams

A

-Current concerns
-Activation-synthesis

79
Q

Priming

A

Increased readiness of a memory to be activated.

80
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of perceptio, htoughts, emotions, and the environment.

81
Q

Components of Conciousness

A
  1. Attention
  2. Awareness
82
Q

Attention

A

Concentration of mental activities, which is limited, selective, and may be voluntary or involuntary. (Necessary for awareness)

83
Q

Awareness

A

Activetly knowing about events

84
Q

Benefits of consciousness

A
  • Control over our behaviors
  • Be able to use memories, imagination, decisions. and judgements.
85
Q

Costs of Consciousness

A
  • Self-Critism
  • Negative emotions
86
Q

Multitasking

A

Switching our attention from one task to another very quickly it seems liek were doing it at the same time.
There are costs:
-It takes longer to complete task
-You make more mistakes for both.

Psychology (5 decks)

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