Final Exam (lecture) Flashcards
What are the 2 methods approved for cleaning hands?
- Soap and water
- Hospital approved alcohol-based antiseptic product
How should nails be?
Short, filed, and smooth
No nail polish
No artificial nails
What should you check skin for?
Scratches
Open sores
How often should you wash hands or use hand sanitizers?
Every time you enter a patients room
What is the best way to prevent the spread of disease?
Hand washing
What are some examples of PPE?
Gown
Mask
Gloves
Goggles
Hat
Booties (shoes)
What is an old name for respiratory therapist?
Inhalation therapist
What does CEU stand for and why is it important?
Continuing education credits
Required to keep license to practice
What does AARC stand for and why is it important?
American Association for Respiratory Care
Advocates for profession to legislative and regulatory bodies, insurance industry, and public
What does NBRC stand for and why does it do?
National board of respiratory care
Credentialing body
What does CoARRC stand for?
Committee on Accreditation for Respiratory Care
Accrediting body
What does FSRC stand for?
Florida society of respiratory care
What are the 3 components of medical terms?
Root
•The foundation of the word
•Gives meaning to the word
Suffix
•Added to the end of the word to give further meaning
Prefix
•Comes before the root word
•Modifies the root or roots
•Gives the clinician direction and an indication of what the patient
has
What order should we read a word?
Suffix, prefix, and root
What is Bernoulli’s principle?
As the flow increases, the pressure of a fluid decreases
along with its potential energy
What is the Venturi effect?
Describes the flow of gas through a constriction and the
subsequent drop in pressure at the constriction.
What is boyles law and formula?
With temperature remaining constant, the volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure
Equation: P1(V1) = P2(V2)
What is gay-Lussacs law?
As temperature increases, pressure will increase as long as volume is constant”
Equation: P1 ÷ T1 = P2 ÷ T2
What is Charles law?
If pressure remains constant, the volume of a gas varies directly
with the temperature” (in degrees Kelvin)
Equation: V1 ÷ T1 = V2 ÷ T2
What is Dalton’s law?
“The total pressure of a gas composed of a mixture of gas is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of all component gases”
Equation: P1 + P2 + P3 = Total pressure
What is Henry’s law?
The rate of a gas’s diffusion into a liquid is proportional to the
partial pressure of that gas at a given temperature”
Example: “A soda bottle or can
What is grahams law?
The rate of gas diffusion through a liquid is proportional to the solubility of a gas and inversely proportional to the gram molecular weight
What is poisseuille’s law?
Describes the resistance to the flow of a gas or liquid through a tube when the flow is laminar
What is avagadro’s number?
6.023 x 10^23
How do you convert Celsius to kelvin?
K = °C + 273
How do you convert kelvin to Celsius?
°C = K – 273
How do you convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?
°C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8
How do you convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?
°F = (1.8 x °C) + 32
What are the 2 types of internal energy?
Kinetic & potential
What is kinetic energy?
Energy of motion
What is potential energy?
Energy of position (stillness)
What are the three states of matter?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
What are the four ways heat can be transferred?
Conduction, radiation, convection, condensation and evaporation
What is conduction?
The transfer of energy by direct contact between hot and cold
molecules
What is convection?
Involves the mixing of fluid molecules at different temperatures
What is radiation?
Heat transfer without direct physical contact
What is evaporation and condensation?
•Vaporization is the change of state from liquid to gas
•Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid
What is melting point?
The changeover from the solid to a liquid state
Freezing is the opposite of melting
What is sublimation?
The phase transition from a solid to a vapor without becoming a
liquid as an intermediary form
What is the boiling point?
The temperature at which a liquid’s vapor pressure exceeds
atmospheric pressure
What is critical temperature?
The highest temperature at which a substance can exist as a liquid
What is critical pressure?
The pressure needed to maintain equilibrium between the
liquid and gas phases of a substance at its critical temperature
What is the critical temperature of O2?
°C = -118.8
°F = -181.1
What is the critical temperature for CO2?
°C = 31.1
°F = 87.9
What is community onset?
Infection that develops outside of the hospital
What is another term for hospital acquired infection?
Nosocomial
What is a nosocomial infection?
Infection that develops
inside the hospital
What percentage of nosocomial infections affect the respiratory system?
10 to 40%
What is a common cause of hospital acquired infection?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is staphylococcus aureus and where is it transmitted?
MRSA; transmitted on skin
What is the VAEs?
Ventilator associated events
What are the 3 tiers of VAEs?
•VACs = Ventilator-Associated Condition
•IVACs = Infection-related Ventilator-Associated Complications
•PVAP = Possible Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
What is VAP?
Ventilator associated pneumonia
What is CAUTI?
Catheter associated urinary tract infection
What are three elements that must be present for an infection spread?
Source, route, and host
What are some examples of a source?
Water, food, blood, and other bodily fluids
What are some examples of a route?
Contact, droplet, airborne, etc.
What are some examples of a host?
Immunocompromised people
What are the 5 modes transmission?
Contact
droplet
airborne
Vector borne
Common vehicle
What mode of transmission is the most common?
Contact
What are the two types of contact transmission?
Direct
Ex. Hepatitis A
Indirect
Ex. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is droplet transmission?
Form of transmission via respiratory droplets
•Travel less than 3 feet
•Do not have to be seen to spread
•Examples: Cough, sneeze, influenza, pertussis
What is airborne transmission?
➢ Occurs via the spread of airborne droplet nuclei
➢ Small particles (less than or equal to 5 μm in diameter)
➢ Stays suspended in air longer and travels further distances than
droplets
➢ N-95 must be worn
Examples: Tuberculosis and Varicella
What is a common vehicle?
➢ Occurs via exposure to pathogen in contaminated food, water, or
medications
Examples: Cholera and Salmonellosis
What is vector borne transmission?
➢ Transmission of infectious diseases from insects and rats and other
vermin
Examples: Rickettsia and Malaria
What are the different shapes of microorganisms?
Spiral
Rods (bacilli)
Spherical (cocci)
What color is gram positive?
Purple
What color is gram negative?
Pink
What is natural immunity?
Immunity genetically determined in specific species,
populations, or families
➢ Some pathogens are unable to infect certain species because the cells are not suitable for the environment
➢ Example: Measles virus cannot reproduce in canine cells
What are the 2 types of induced immunity?
Active and passive
What is active immunity?
Results from development within the body of antibodies/sensitized T lymphocytes that neutralize/destroy the infective agent (e.g., getting a vaccine)
What is passive immunity?
Immunity acquired by the introduction of preformed antibodies into an unprotected individual (occurs via intravenous infusion, in utero, or breastfeeding)
What do microorganisms need to grow?
Food
Water
O2
Light
What is the only way to kill spores?
Sterilization
What is pasteurization?
•The most common physical method of disinfection
•Cannot kill spores
•Heat at high temperatures typically 160°F for 15 minutes
What are critical devices?
•Devices introduced into the bloodstream or other parts of the
body
•Sterilization needed
Example: surgical devices
What are some semi- critical devices?
Devices that directly or indirectly contact mucus membranes
High-level disinfection needed
Example: Endotracheal tube
What are some non-critical devices?
Devices that touch only intact skin or do not contact the patient
Detergent washing or low to intermediate-level disinfection needed
Example: Blood pressure cuffs and pulse ox
What is needed to ambulate a patient on oxygen?
•Pulse ox
•Wheelchair
•Oxygen tank/cylinder
•Tubing (e.g., Nasal canula)
What do we need to monitor when ambulating a patient?
▪ Level of consciousness
▪ Color
▪ Breathing patterns
▪ Patient strength
▪ Complaints from the patient
▪ SpO2, Respiratory Rate
What are the safe patient movement to prepare to ambulate a patient includes?
▪ Lower the bed/Lock the wheels
▪ Move the IV close to the patient
▪ Sit the patient up
▪ Dangle the patient’s feet
▪ Assist the patient up
▪ Encourage slow breathing
▪ Provide Support
(Let Me Sit Down And Eat Pizza)
What is PASS?
▪ P = Pull the pin
▪ A = Aim the nozzle
▪ S = Squeeze the handle
▪ S = Sweep the nozzle
What is RACE?
▪ Rescue the patients in the immediate area of the fire
▪ Alert other personnel about the fire
▪ Contain the fire
▪ Evacuate the other patients and personnel
What is the type of fluid that should be put in equipment (such as humidifiers)
Sterile water
What do you do as a safety precaution, if a device or piece of equipment is defective or malfunctioning (e.g., shocking, warning noises, etc.)
immediately take the device out of service
What is a ground?
a low-resistance pathway to a point of zero voltage, such as the earth (hence the term ground)
▪ You should ground equipment that may have a shock hazard
▪ The neutral wire completes the circuit by taking the electrical current to a ground
What does the patients chart include?
Has patient demographic information, physician’s orders, history and physical, medications, lab data, physician notes, and other ancillary notes (e.g., nurse notes)
What does the patients order tell you?
➢ Tells you what to do, when to do it, how to do it, how frequently,
how much medication, what device to use, etc.
➢ What is needed to give something or do something to a patient
➢ Without a physician’s order, you must follow protocol
