Final Exam Lecture 11

Question 1

Communicable disease:

Answer 1

a disease that is spread from one host to another

Question 2

Contagious diseases

Answer 2

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

Question 3

are all communicable diseases contagious?

Answer 3

all communicable diseases are NOT contagious disease but all contagious diseases are communicable diseases

Question 4

Sporadic disease

Answer 4

disease that occurs only occasionally

-means comes and goes appears and reappears

Question 5

Example of sporadic disease

Answer 5

thify fever

Question 6

Endemic disease

Answer 6

disease constantly present in a population

Question 7

Epidemic disease

Answer 7

disease acquired by MANY people in a given AREA in a SHORT time

Question 8

Pandemic disease

Answer 8

worldwide epidemic

Question 9

Predisposing Factors

Answer 9

Make the body more susceptible to disease • Gender
• Inherited traits, such as the sickle cell gene • Climate and weather
• Fatigue
• Age
• Lifestyle
• Nutrition
• Chemotherapy

Question 10

Gender

Answer 10

such as UTI) ; genetics(inherited traits) sickle cell (affect 1-3 million americans and 1/12 african americans) people with this disorder it has a distorted red blood cell (S-shaped and therefore cannot deliver O2 sufficiently and therefore cannot feed the oxygens)

Question 11

Climate and weather

Answer 11

may find specific infections in area because some like to grow in these temperatures

Question 12

Fatigue

Answer 12

sickle cell; condition feel tired for months

Question 13

Age

Answer 13

inc. age immune system starts to shut down (weak) ; after 8 immune system is fully developed and 8-35yrs then goes down hill

Question 14

lifestyle

Answer 14

potato couch (immune system goes down) ; lack of exercise no providing enough O2 to the rest of our organs;

Question 15

chemotherapy

Answer 15

immune system is compromised such as antibiotics or ANY chemical used to treat patient

Question 16

Reservoirs of Infection (3)

Answer 16

Human reservoirs
Animal reservoirs
Nonliving reservoirs

Question 17

Human reservoirs

Answer 17

passive/simple carriers (means have an latent diseases; symptom free of infections)
a. Simple carrier
Ex: HIV ; ghonnaria
b. Passive: contaminated person (such as someone working in a setting where the infection is and pass it to other person

Question 18

Animal reservoirs

Answer 18

Ex: Rabies and lime disease (white footed mouse is the reservoir)
Zoonoses

Question 19

Nonliving reservoirs

Answer 19

soil and water

Ex: tetnus ; water (typhi fever (salmonela) fecal material inside)

Question 20

Zoonoses

Answer 20

infections that come from animals to humans; can be transmitted to humans by direct contact with humans or waste (150 exist ; make up 70% of all new emerging diseases)

Question 21

Transmission of disease

Answer 21

1) contact
2) vehicle
3) vectors

Question 22

contact

Answer 22

direct; indirect; droplet

Question 23

direct

Answer 23

Requires close association between infected and susceptible host. Also known as person-to-person transmission. Examples; touching, kissing.
- epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis A, gonorrhea, genital herpes etc.

Question 24

indirect

Answer 24

Agent of disease is transmitted from reservoir to host via a nonliving object (fomite). like; syringes, towels, bedding, toys etc.
- contaminated syringe serves as fomite in the transmission of AIDS.

Question 25

droplet

Answer 25

Transmission via airborne droplets.
Droplets discharged into air by coughing, sneezing (20,000
droplets), laughing, or talking.
- common cold, chickenpox

Question 26

Vehicle

Answer 26

Transmission by an inanimate reservoir
• Waterborne
• Foodborne: E.coli
• Airborne:can travel more than 1 meter from reservoir such as micro bacteria which causes tuberculosis

Question 27

Vectors

Answer 27

Animals that carry pathogens from one host to another. Arthropods like; fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes are important vectors
- Transmit disease by; Mechanical and Biological

Question 28

mechanical vector

Answer 28

Arthropod carries pathogen on feet or other body parts. Houseflies can transfer the pathogens of typhoid fever.

Question 29

biological

Answer 29

The arthropod bites an infected host and ingests some of the infected blood. Pathogen reproduces in the vector and then transmitted to another host.
Example: Mosquitoes spread Malaria

Question 30

Nosocomial infections

Answer 30

In the United States, roughly 1.7 million hospital- associated infections, from all types of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi combined, cause or contribute to 99,000 deaths each year
• Eighth leading cause of death in U.S.A.

Question 31

Types of HAIs (Healthcare-Associated Infections_

Answer 31

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI)
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI)
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
Surgical site infections (SSI)

Question 32

HAIs result from

Answer 32

Presence of microorganisms in the hospital environment
The compromised (Weekend) status of the host The chain of transmission

Question 33

Pathogens that commonly cause nosocomial UTI

Answer 33

Enterobacteriaceae
• Escherichia coli (50% of infections)
• Staphylococcus spp.
• Staphylococcusaureus(includingMRSA) • Staphylococcusepidermidis
• Enterococcus spp.
• Enterococcusfaecalis
• Oxidase-positive Gram-negative organisms • Pseudomonasaeruginosa
• Fungi
• Candidaspp.

Question 34

Reduce number of pathogens

Answer 34

Handwashing
• Disinfecting tubs used to bathe patients
• Cleaning instruments scrupulously
• Using disposable bandages and intubation
• Infection control committees

Question 35

New strains are being formed due to

Answer 35

pressures ; EXAMPLE VIBRIO Cholerae strain O139evolution of new strains