Final Exam Key Terms

Question 1

fin de siècle

Answer 1

Fin de siècle is a French term meaning “end of century”,

Question 2

Belle Epoque

Answer 2

Period of French and European history, (dated to between 1880 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914)
—-Belle Époque strived to capture Paris rapid change of environment and scenes of modern life..

Question 3

Gilded Age

Answer 3

Refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States.
**Characteristics in the gilded age included individualism, urbanization, new values, art, and forms of entertainment.

Question 4

Unconscious desire

Answer 4

In Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, the unconscious mind is defined as a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of conscious awareness.

Question 5

Id

Answer 5

Primitive and instinctive component of personality. It consists of all the inherited (i.e., biological) components of personality present at birth
**The id is the impulsive (and unconscious) part of our psyche

Question 6

Ego

Answer 6

Is part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world.
**Develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world

Question 7

Superego

Answer 7

Incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others.

Question 8

Dream-Work

Answer 8

Differs from classical dream interpretation in that the aim is to explore the various images and emotions that a dream presents and evokes,

Question 9

Eros

Answer 9

Sum of life-preserving instincts that are manifested as impulses to gratify basic needs, as sublimated impulses, and as impulses to protect and preserve the body and mind

Question 10

Einstein

Answer 10

Theory of General Relativity

• • geometric theory of gravitation
• -modern physics

Question 11

Formalism

Answer 11

The study of art by analyzing and comparing form and style - the way the objects are made and their purely visual aspects

Question 12

Re-presentation

Answer 12

State of being presented again

–A new presentation;

Question 13

Conceptual

Answer 13

Is art for which the idea (or concept) behind the work is more important than the finished art object.
**The concept, or idea, behind it is that everyday objects become art when looked at outside of their uses.

Question 14

Perceptual

Answer 14

Ability to interpret or become aware of something through the senses

Question 15

Naturalism

Answer 15

Favoured direct, objective, realistic and moral painting.

Question 16

Visual Memory

Answer 16

A form of memory which preserves some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience.

Question 17

Visual Literacy

Answer 17

Able to read, comprehend, interpret, debate, and make meaning

Question 18

German Expressionism

Answer 18

German art movement that emphasized the artist’s inner feelings or ideas over replicating reality, and was characterised by simplified shapes, bright colours and gestural marks or brushstrokes.

• *** German expressionist artists:
  - Die Brücke (The Bridge)
  - Ernst Ludwig Kirchner,
  - Wassily Kandinsky
  - Franz Marc.

Question 19

Die Brücke

Answer 19

Group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden in 1905.

• **Founding members were Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff.
• **Indicate the group’s desire to “bridge” the past and present.
• – Far more aggressive, nihilistic and anarchic in spirit, with discordant colours, harsh, jagged outlines and

Question 20

Der Blaue Reiter

Answer 20

A group of artists united in rejection of the Neue Künstlervereinigung München in Munich, Germany

• **Artists explored the spiritual values of art as a counter to [what they saw as] the corruption and materialism of their age
• —Founders included :
• Alexej von Jawlensky
• Marianne von Werefkin

Question 21

Cubism

Answer 21

style of art that stresses abstract structure at the expense of other pictorial elements especially by displaying several aspects of the same object simultaneously and by fragmenting the form of depicted objects.
**to decompose realistic subjects into geometric shapes to help give them perspective and distinct impressions,

Question 22

Analytic

Answer 22

***Logical
Analytic Cubism- This form of Cubism analyzed the use of rudimentary shapes and overlapping planes to depict the separate forms of the subjects in a painting.

Question 23

​Synthetic

Answer 23

Style of artwork that includes characteristics like simple shapes, bright colors, and little to no depth.

• -Broke down an object from multiple viewpoints and re-configured them so that every aspect of the image could be visible on a 2D plane
• Use of mixed media and collage and the creation of a flatter space
• Greater use of color and greater interest in decorative effects.

Question 24

Collage

Answer 24

Art made by sticking various different materials such as photographs and pieces of paper or fabric on to a backing

Question 25

Abstract Art

Answer 25

Art that does not attempt to represent external reality, but seeks to achieve its effect using shapes, forms, colors, and textures.

Question 26

Futurism

Answer 26

Artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasized dynamism, speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane, and the industrial city.
– Started by Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who wrote the Futurist Manifesto.

Question 27

Dynamism

Answer 27

Term often tied to the Italian Futurists, is applied to both abstract and figurative works that suggest movement and energy.

Question 28

Mechanical Age

Answer 28

Lot of new technologies were developed in this era due to an explosion of interest in computation and information

Question 29

World War I

Answer 29

Artists began to reject avant-garde styles, such as Cubism and Futurism,
Influenced by: Dada, Surrealism, Pop Art, Conceptual Art, and Neo-Expressionism.

Question 30

Spanish Flu, 1918 Flu Pandemic

Answer 30

Existential drama, speak to feelings of trauma and despair that were widespread amid a pandemic that killed at least 50 million people
- the outbreak magnified the absurdity of the moment

Question 31

Dada

Answer 31

Art movement formed during the First World War in Zurich in negative reaction to the horrors and folly of the war. The art, poetry and performance produced by dada artists is often satirical and nonsensical in nat
- Anti-war, anti-bourgeois and had political affinities

Question 32

Aleatory/Chance

Answer 32

Relating to or denoting music or other forms of art involving elements of random choice during their composition, production, or performance.

Question 33

Biomorphic

Answer 33

Forms or images are ones that while abstract nevertheless refer to, or evoke, living forms such as plants and the human body
- models artistic design elements on naturally occurring patterns or shapes reminiscent of nature and living organisms.

Question 34

Readymade

Answer 34

A found object, or found art, is art created from undisguised, but often modified, items or products that are not normally considered materials from which art is made, often because they already have a non-art function.
- First used by French artist Marcel Duchamp to describe the works of art he made from manufactured objects

Question 35

Photomontage

Answer 35

Is the process and the result of making a piece by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image.
- Haussmann, Hannah Hoch

Question 36

Mexican Revolution

Answer 36

Major revolution that included a sequence of armed struggles that transformed Mexican culture and government.

Question 37

Mexican Modernism

Answer 37

An artistic movement that flourished in Mexico in the early 1920s, following the Mexican Revolution
- Art’s goal was to be instructive, to reproduce the layered histories of Mexico, the life and customs of its people, and to be accessible to the public.

Question 38

Muralism

Answer 38

The main artistic means by which these post-revolutionary ideals were transmitted. Murals were meant to be available and visible to the population
- Movement that attempted to create a new national identity in Mexico after the Revolution through original art that reflected Mexican cultures and traditions

Question 39

Murals

Answer 39

Honored Mexico’s past, called attention to the socio-political conditions of the working class.

Question 40

Mexicanidad

Answer 40

Depiction of the traditions of the Mexican people, juxtaposing both their Indigenous cultures with their Spanish colonial past,

Question 41

Mestiza

Answer 41

Racial classification used to refer to a person of a combined White and Indigenous American ancestry.
- Frida Kahlo (German/ Spanish/ Indigenous)

Question 42

Russian Revolution

Answer 42

period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire and began during the First World War.
- Social and cultural revolution as inseparable and the artistic avant-garde embraced the new opportunities.

Question 43

Suprematism

Answer 43

An art movement focused on basic geometric forms, such as circles, squares, lines, and rectangles, painted in a limited range of colors. …

• The term suprematism refers to an abstract art based upon “the supremacy of pure artistic feeling” rather than on visual depiction of objects.
  - Kazimir Malevich, El Lissitzky

Question 44

Constructivism

Answer 44

A style or movement in which assorted mechanical objects are combined into abstract mobile structural forms.

• The movement originated in Russia in the 1920s and has influenced many aspects of modern architecture and design.
• Beginning in 1915 by Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko

Question 45

Surrealism

Answer 45

20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature which sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images.
- Largely influenced by Dada

Question 46

Automatism

Answer 46

The avoidance of conscious intention in producing works of art, especially by using mechanical techniques or subconscious associations.
- Artist suppresses conscious control over the making process,

Question 47

Uncanny

Answer 47

A concept in art associated with psychologist Sigmund Freud which describes a strange and anxious feeling sometimes created by familiar objects in unfamiliar contexts

• Surrealist movement made artworks that combined familiar things in unexpected ways to create uncanny feelings.
• something can be familiar and yet alien at the same time

Question 48

Exquisite Corpse

Answer 48

A collaborative drawing approach first used by surrealist artists to create bizarre and intuitive drawings

Question 49

Synaesthesia

Answer 49

Defined as the simultaneous perception of two or more stimuli as one gestalt experience
- Wide variety of artists’ experiments that have explored the co-operation of the senses

Question 50

Universality

Answer 50

Art which are loved by the greatest number of. people are the most universal works of art

Question 51

Affinity

Answer 51

A strong liking for or attraction to someone or something

Question 52

Modernism

Answer 52

The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms of art, philosophy, and social organization which reflected the newly emerging industrial world, including features such as urbanization, new technologies, and war.
- Artists attempted to depart from traditional forms of art

Question 53

Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)

Answer 53

home for some of the greatest works of avant-garde painting, sculpture, film, and multi-media art in the world

Question 54

Degenerate Art

(Entartete Kunst)

Answer 54

A term adopted in the 1920s by the Nazi Party in Germany to describe modern art.
- Art that did not support the ideals of Nazism