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TRI 4 - CP > Final exam info > Flashcards

Final exam info Flashcards

1
Q

Describe medullary rhythmicity

A

Maintains basic rhythm

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2
Q

Describe the pneumotaxic area

A

Stimulates expiration

Keeps lungs from overfilling

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3
Q

Describe the apneustic area

A

Activates inspiration

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4
Q

Describe COPD

A

Chronic airflow obstruction

Minimally reversible

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5
Q

Describe emphysema

A

Enlargement and destruction of alveoli

Develops gradually from irritants like smoking

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6
Q

Describe the pathology of emphysema

A

Loss of elastic and gas exchange properties of the acini

Formation of bullae a blebs

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7
Q

What are some SS for emphysema

A

Dyspnea
Cough
use of accessory muscles, pursed lip breathing
Barrel chest, digital clubbing

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8
Q

Describe centrlobar emphysema

A

Involves respiratory bronchioles

Associated with smoking

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9
Q

Describe panlobar emphysema

A

all acini are affected

Associated with antitrypsin deficiency

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10
Q

Describe paraseptal emphysema

A

Involves alveoli along the peripheral septa and lung pleura

Associated with spontaneous pneumothorax

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11
Q

Describe irregular emphysema

A

Occurs around scars

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12
Q

Describe cystic fibrosis

A

Genetic disorder causing Cl ion transporters to become defected leading to increased secretions of bodily fluids

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13
Q

What are some medications used to treat CF

A

Oxygen
Antibiotics
Mucolytics
Bronchodilators

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14
Q

What surgery can be done for CF patients

A

Double lung transplant

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15
Q

What PT can be done for CF patients

A

Airway clearance techniques
Inspiratory muscle training
Aerobic and strength training

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16
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

Presence of gas in the pleural space

Causes lung to collapse on the affected side

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17
Q

What are some SS for pneumothorax

A

Acute dyspnea
Acute pleuritic chest pain
absent or diminished breath sounds
tracheal deviation

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18
Q

What are some treatments for Pneumothorax

A

Oxygen
Chest tube drainage
Incentive spirometry

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19
Q

Describe primary pneumothorax

A

No underlying cause

Seen in young, tall, thin men

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20
Q

Describe secondary pneumothorax

A

Associated with COPD, blebs, bullae

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21
Q

Describe traumatic pneumothorax

A

Gun shot wound
knife wound
Rib fracture

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22
Q

Describe tension pneumothorax

A

Air enters the plural space and cannot escape
Increasing pressure causes the lungs to collapse
Medical emergency

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23
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism

A

Floating thrombus that lodges in pulmonary artery
Often from a DVT
Passes through right heart to lodge in pulmonary circulation

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24
Q

Describe the pathology of a pulmonary embolism

A

Decreased pulmonary blood flow
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
Death may occur rapidly

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25
Q

What are some SS of pulmonary embolism

A

Rapid onset of dyspnea
Pleuritic chest pain
anxiety, apprehension, restlessness

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26
Q

What are some treatments for pulmonary embolism

A

Prevention of DVT’s
Anticoagulant drugs
Thrombolytic drugs
Surgery

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27
Q

What are some general characteristics of restrictive lung diseases

A

Lung expansion is restricted

Difficulty getting air in

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28
Q

What are some general characteristics of obstructive lung pathologies

A

Weakening, narrowing, obstruction of airways
Difficulty getting air out
Air trapped in the lungs

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29
Q

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Acute onset of respiratory failure
PaO2 <60 mmHG
PaCo2 > 55 mmHG
Results from acute extensive lung inflation

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30
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Diffuse alveolar damage

Extensive inflammation

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31
Q

What are some treatments for acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Ventilation in ICU
Corticosteroids to manage inflammation
Catecholamines to increase BP and CO

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32
Q

What is bronchiectasis

A

Permanent dilation and destruction of bronchi caused by destruction of elastic and muscular components of bronchial wall

33
Q

What are some SS of bronchiectasis

A

Cough, small to large amounts of purulent sputum

Crackles, hemoptysis

34
Q

What is asthma

A

Airways hypersensitive to various stimuli
Can be life threatening
Reversible

35
Q

Describe the pathology of asthma

A

Inflammation, smooth muscle spasm, bronchoconstriction, excessive mucus production

36
Q

What are some SS of asthma

A 
Dyspnea
Wheezing
Chest tightness
Cough
Impaired PFT
37
Q

What are some medical managements of asthma

A

Bronchodilators
Anti-inflammatories
Glucocorticosteroids
Leukotriene modifiers

38
Q

What is chronic bronchitis

A

Chronic inflammation of the bronchial mucosa

Caused by smoking, pollutants, infections

39
Q

Describe the pathology of chronic bronchitis

A

Inflammation
Hypersecretion of mucus
Ciliary dysfunction
Bronchial hyperreactivity

40
Q

What are some SS of chronic bronchitis

A 
Dyspnea
Use of accessory muscles
Pursed lip breathing
Digital clubbing
Decreased breath sounds
41
Q

What are some signs of distress during weaning

A 
> 30 breaths per minute
HTN
Tachycardia
Increased use of accessory muscles
Agitation
Respiratory acidosis
42
Q

What are some indications for respiratory distress

A 
Increased respiration rate
Nasal flaring
Intercostal and sternal restrictions
Visible expression of distress
increased use of neck and accessory muscles
Paradoxical breathing
43
Q

Describe the relationship between CPAP and BIPAP

A

BIPAP preferred over CPAP

CPAP is better for obstructive sleep apnea

44
Q

Describe an aerosol mask

A

Used to give meds

Controls amount of air 10-12L/min

45
Q

Describe a venturi mask

A

Draws air into the space with a narrowed orifice

Considered high flow

46
Q

Describe a non rebreather mask

A

Allows for delivery of higher concentrations of oxygen

Patient must be able to breath unassisted

47
Q

When might nasal cannulas not be suitable

A

During acute exacerbations of COPD

48
Q

Define tachypenia

A

Greater than 30 breaths per minute

49
Q

What are some SS associated with respiratory or metabolic acidosis

A

Mental status change

Hyperkalemia

50
Q

What are some SS associated with respiratory or metabolic alkalosis

A

Neuromuscular excitability

Hypokalemia

51
Q

What are some SS associated with acidosis or alkalosis from caused by metabolic reasons

A

GI disturbances

52
Q

What are the normal lab values to look out for what they mean when they are abnormal when identifying metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

A

PH - A (7.35-7.45) B
Co2 - B (35-45) A
Bicarbonate - A (22-26) B

53
Q

How do you treat respiratory acidosis

A

Improve ventilation
Intermittent positive pressure breathing
Postural drainage

54
Q

How do you treat respiratory alkalosis

A

Sedation
Voluntary breath control
Change mechanical ventilation

55
Q

How do you treat metabolic acidosis

A

Treat cause of acid accumulation
Give bicarbonate
Give insulin
Dialysis

56
Q

How do you treat metabolic alkalosis

A

replace fluid loss
Give K or Cl as needed
Stop suctioning
Give acid substance

57
Q

Describe inspiratory muscle training

A

Strengthens the inspiratory muscles

Makes it easier for people to breathe

58
Q

What diagnoses will benefit from inspiratory muscle training

A

Asthma
Bronchitis
Emphysema
COPD

59
Q

Describe expiratory muscle training

A

patients forcefully expire into a device

Strengthens expiratory and submental musculature

60
Q

What factors determine diffusion rate

A

Pressure gradient and solubility

61
Q

What are normal lung PFT values

A

FEV1 = 4L
FVC = 5L
Fev1 / FVC = .75 - .8

62
Q

What are PFT values for Obstructive lung disease

A

FEV1 = 1.8L
FVC = 3.4L
Fev1 / FVC =

63
Q

What are PFT values for restrictive lung disease

A

Fev1 - reduced
FEV - reduced
Fev1/ Fev = > .80

64
Q

How do you improve ventilation perfusion with patient positioning

A

Have the patient lay on the ipsilateral side

65
Q

How do you progress patients in rehab

A

Increase reps / time then load / intensity

66
Q

Describe some symptoms of left sided heartfailure

A

Dry cough
Fatigue
Pulmonary rales

67
Q

Describe some symptoms of right sided heart failure

A

Dependent edema
Jugular distension
Increased right atrial pressure
Peripheral effects

68
Q

Describe cor pulmonale

A

Pulmonary HTN secondary to pulmonary diseases

Can cause right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure

69
Q

What is TV

A

Tidal volume

Air moved at rest

70
Q

What is IR

A

Inspiratory reserve

Max amount inhaled above tidal

71
Q

What is ER

A

Max amount we can exhale below tidal

72
Q

What is RV

A

Residual volume

Amount of air left in the lungs below, expiratory reserve

73
Q

What is TLC

A

Total lung capacity

Combination of all 4 volumes

74
Q

What is IC

A

Inspiratory capacity

Tidal and inspiratory reserve

75
Q

What is FRC

A

Functional residual capacity

expiratory reserved and residual

76
Q

What is VC

A

Vital capacity

Expiratory reserve, inspiratory reserve, tidal volume

77
Q

What conditions would present with bronchophony

A

Pneumonia

Atelactasis

78
Q

What are the contraindications for postural drainage

A 
CHF
Pulmonary edema
Raised ICP
Airway aspiration
Unstable head or neck injury
79
Q

What are the contraindications for percussion

A 
Bleeding disorders
Rib fractures
Flail chest
Osteoporosis
Open wounds and surgery
Pneumothorax
Pregnancy

TRI 4 - CP (4 decks)

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