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PDA I > Final Exam - Individual > Flashcards

Final Exam - Individual Flashcards

1
Q

rapid and short-acting, mimics spikes of physiologic secretion insulin after eating

A

bolus insulin

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2
Q

intermediate/long-acting, mimics normal pancreatic insulin secretion with constant levels, suppresses glucose production in the fasting and post-absorptive period

A

basal insulin

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3
Q

mixture of short-acting and intermediate/long-acting insulin derivatives

A

combination therapy

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4
Q

insulin - target

A

insulin receptor agonist

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5
Q

insulin - biochemical, physiological, stage/type

A

activates the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase - activates PI3K/Akt enzyme cascade
movement of GLUT4 transporters to surface of cell - uptake of glucose from systemic circulation into cells
stage 3 type 2 DM

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6
Q

insulin - adverse effects

A

hypoglycemia, lipodystrophy

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7
Q

insulin - interactions

A

none serious

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8
Q

glipizide, glimepiride, glyburide - class

A

2nd generation sulfonylureas

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9
Q

glipizide, glimepiride, glyburide - target

A

inhibition of the K+ channel in beta cells

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10
Q

glipizide, glimepiride, glyburide - biochemical, physiological, stage/type

A

mimics rise in intracellular ATP - causes beta cell depolarization
depolarization results in migration of insulin granules to cell surface and release of insulin into systemic circulation
stage 2 type 2

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11
Q

glipizide, glimepiride, glyburide - adverse effects

A

hypoglycemia, cardiovascular (myocardial damage/infarction)

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12
Q

glipizide, glimepiride, glyburide - interactions

A

none serious

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13
Q

metformin - target

A

activation of AMPK

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14
Q

metformin - biochemical, physiological, stage/type

A

initiation of insulin-independent migration of glucose transporters to cell surface
movement of GLUT4 transporters to surface of cell - uptake of glucose from systemic circulation into cells
stage 1/2 type 2 (doesn’t rely on insulin receptors or beta cells to work)

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15
Q

metformin - adverse effects

A

hypoglycemia, lactic/ketoacidosis, cardiovascular (tachycardia)

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16
Q

metformin - interactions

A

contrast agents induce ketoacidosis, substrate and inhibitor for the P-gp membrane efflux protein

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17
Q

pioglitazone, rosiglitazone - class

A

thiazolidinediones

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18
Q

pioglitazone, rosiglitazone - target

A

peroxisome proliferation activating receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) agonists

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19
Q

pioglitazone, rosiglitazone - biochemical, physiological, stage/type

A

increased expression of genes under the control of the PPAR gamma receptor
an increase in glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation/metabolism
stage 2 type 2

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20
Q

pioglitazone, rosiglitazone - adverse effects

A

cardiovascular (congestive heart failure, myocardial ischemia), increased percent of bone fractures in women, hepatotoxicity, hematological (anemia)

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21
Q

pioglitazone, rosiglitazone - interactions

A

none serious

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22
Q

semaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide - class

A

GLP-1 agonists

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23
Q

semaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide - target

A

agonist for the glucagon-like peptide receptor

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24
Q

semaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide - biochemical, physiological, stage/type

A

stimulation of the GLP receptor and subsequent activation of the cellular enzyme cascade
stimulates insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, delays gastric emptying, decreases appetite
stage 2 type 2

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25
semaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide - adverse effects
hypoglycemia, pancreatitis
26
semaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide - interactions
delayed gastric emptying - can affect the pharmacokinetic profile of other therapeutics (oral contraceptives and some antibiotics)
27
saxagliptin, sitagliptin - class
DPP-4 inhibitors
28
saxagliptin, sitagliptin - target
inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4)
29
saxagliptin, sitagliptin - biochemical, physiological, stage/type
decreased metabolism/deactivation of GLP-1 increased GLP-1 - stimulates insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, delays gastric emptying, decreases appetite stage 2 type 2
30
saxagliptin, sitagliptin - adverse effects
these compounds inhibit CD26 on lymphocytes - concern regarding immune function but nothing has been reported as of yet
31
saxagliptin, sitagliptin - interactions
delayed gastric emptying - can affect pharmacokinetic profile of other therapeutics (oral contraceptives and some antibiotics)
32
dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, canagliflozin - class
SGLT-2 inhibitors
33
dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, canagliflozin - target
inhibition of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2)
34
dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, canagliflozin - biochemical, physiological
prevents reabsorption of glucose from kidneys into systemic circulation decrease in sugar reabsorption from lumen of kidney into systemic circulation - lowering blood glucose levels
35
dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, canagliflozin - adverse effects
cardiovascular (hypotension), lactic/ketoacidosis, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, increased risk of bone fractures, increased risk of UTIs
36
dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, canagliflozin - interactions
diuretic drugs - increased risk of severe dehydration
37
glucagon - target
glucagon receptor agonist
38
glucagon - biochemical, physiological
stimulation of glucagon receptor stimulates the production of glucose - glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis
39
glucagon - adverse effects
cardiovascular (hypotension, tachycardia, hypertension)
40
glucagon - interactions
none severe
41
cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine - class
H2 receptor antagonists
42
cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine - target
inhibits the activation of the H2 receptor
43
cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine - biochemical, physiological
inability of parietal cells to release H+ into the lumen due to H+/K+ ATPase loss decrease in stomach acid production
44
cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine - treatment
peptic ulcers, GERD - increase in pH (decrease in acid concentration) allows the stomach/esophagus to heal
45
cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine - adverse effects
generally well tolerated
46
cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine - interactions
may alter the absorption of other drugs through the GI tract (those that rely on acidic environment for absorption) CYP1A2/2D6 inhibitor
47
esomeprazole, omeprazole, lansoprazole - class
proton pump inhibitors
48
esomeprazole, omeprazole, lansoprazole - target
irreversible inhibition of the H+/K+ ATPase
49
esomeprazole, omeprazole, lansoprazole - biochemical, physiological
inability of parietal cells to release H+ ions into the lumen due to H+/K+ ATPase activity loss decrease in stomach acid production
50
esomeprazole, omeprazole, lansoprazole - treatment
peptic ulcers, GERD - increase in pH (decrease in acid concentration) allows the stomach/esophagus to heal
51
esomeprazole, omeprazole, lansoprazole - adverse effects
none predictable
52
esomeprazole, omeprazole, lansoprazole - interactions
may alter the absorption of other drugs through the GI tract (those that rely on acidic environment for absorption) CYP2C19 inhibitor
53
antacids - target
NaHCO3, CaCO3, Al(OH)3/Mg(OH)2
54
antacids - biochemical, physiological
neutralizes stomach acid decrease in stomach acid/increase in stomach pH
55
antacids - treatment
acute GERD
56
antacids - adverse effects
rebound hyperacidity upon discontinuation of therapy
57
antacids - interactions
aluminum antacids - avoid with aluminum containing agents (nephrotoxic) may alter the absorption of other drugs through the GI tract (those that rely on acidic environment for absorption)
58
ondansetron, granisetron, palonosetron, dolasetron - class
5-HT3 receptor antagonists
59
ondansetron, granisetron, palonosetron, dolasetron - target
inhibition of the 5-HT3 receptor
60
ondansetron, granisetron, palonosetron, dolasetron - biochemical/physiological
inhibition of electrochemical/neurochemical signal from the CTZ and the vagus nerve (from the GI tract) to the Vomiting Center emesis inhibition, relief of nausea
61
ondansetron, granisetron, palonosetron, dolasetron - treatment
very effective in treating chemo-induced, pregnancy related, and post-op nausea and emesis
62
ondansetron, granisetron, palonosetron, dolasetron - adverse effects
CNS (headache, lightheadedness), cardiovascular (EKG abnormalities)
63
ondansetron, granisetron, palonosetron, dolasetron - interactions
causes prolongation of QT interval
64
promethazine, cyclizine, meclizine, dimenhydrinate - class
anti-histamines
65
promethazine, cyclizine, meclizine, dimenhydrinate - target
inverse agonist of the H1 receptor
66
promethazine, cyclizine, meclizine, dimenhydrinate - biochemical/physiological
inhibition of electrochemical/neurochemical signal from inner ear to vestibular nuclei emesis inhibition, relief of nausea
67
promethazine, cyclizine, meclizine, dimenhydrinate - treatment
motion sickness
68
promethazine, cyclizine, meclizine, dimenhydrinate - adverse effects
CNS (sedation), antimuscarinic (urinary retention, constipation, dry eyes)
69
promethazine, cyclizine, meclizine, dimenhydrinate - interactions
CNS depressants, CYP2D6 inhibitor, bupropion, contrast agents, tramadol (increased incidence of seizures)
70
scopolamine - target
antagonist for the H1 and muscarinic receptors of the inner ear
71
scopolamine - biochemical, physiological
inhibition of electrochemical/neurochemical signal from the inner ear to the vestibular nuclei emesis inhibition, relief of nausea
72
scopolamine - treatment
motion sickness
73
scopolamine - adverse effects
generally well-tolerated
74
scopolamine - interactions
bupropion, contrast agents, tramadol (increased incidence of seizures)
75
aprepitant - target
NK1 receptor (in the STN and CTZ) antagonista
76
aprepitant - biochemical, physiological
inhibition of electrochemical/neurochemical signal from the STN and CTZ reduces drug-induced inflammation and emesis/nausea
77
aprepitant - treatment
delayed phase drug-induced emesis (platinum associated complexes, chemotherapy), postoperative nausea and emesis
78
aprepitant - adverse effects
CNS (fatigue, dizziness, headache), dehydration
79
aprepitant - interactions
CYP3A4 inhibitor
80
nabilone, dronabinol - class
cannabinoids
81
nabilone, dronabinol - target
CB1 receptor agonist
82
nabilone, dronabinol - biochemical/physiological
stimulation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptors in and around vomiting center emesis inhibition, relief of nausea
83
nabilone, dronabinol - treatment
prophylaxis for cancer chemotherapy-induced emesis when other treatments are ineffective, appetite stimulation/emesis suppression in AIDS and anorexic patients
84
nabilone, dronabinol - adverse effects
cardiovascular, abstinence syndrome (withdrawal)
85
nabilone, dronabinol - interactions
CNS/respiratory depressants
86
droperidol, prochlorperazine - class
dopamine receptor antagonists
87
droperidol, prochlorperazine - target
D2 receptor antagonist
88
droperidol, prochlorperazine - biochemical, physiological
inhibition of electrochemical/neurochemical signal from the CTZ to the vomiting center emesis inhibition, relief of nausea
89
droperidol, prochlorperazine - treatment
effective in treating nausea as a result of an infection or unknown cause, postoperative nausea
90
droperidol, prochlorperazine - adverse effects
CNS (restlessness, anxiety), cardiovascular (hypotension, tachycardia)
91
droperidol, prochlorperazine - interactions
causes prolongation of QT interval
92
erythromycin - target
motilin analog - agonist for the motilin receptor
93
erythromycin - biochemical, physiological
motilin receptor agonist - stimulation of motilin receptor increase in GI motility
94
erythromycin - treatment
emesis, constipation, GI irregularity
95
sincalide - target
cholecystokinin analog - agonist for the cholecystokinin receptor
96
sincalide - biochemical, physiological
stimulation of the cholecystokinin receptor increase in GI motility, increase in digestion secretions
97
sincalide - treatment
emesis, constipation, GI irregularity, malnutrition
98
sincalide - adverse effects
cardiovascular (hypo or hypertension), CNS (headache, dizziness)
99
sincalide - interactions
none reported
100
loperamide - target
mu opioid receptor agonist
101
loperamide - biochemical, physiological
inhibition of contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle inhibition of intestinal motility (increases small intestine transit time), allows for reabsorption of water and electrolytes
102
loperamide - treatment
available OTC for treatment of mild diarrhea
103
loperamide - adverse effects
CNS (sedation/drowsiness, headache, depression, euphoria)
104
loperamide - interactions
none reported, may interfere with absorption of some drugs
105
octreotide - class
somatostatin analogs
106
octreotide - target
inhibition of hormone-secreting tumors of the pancreas and GI tract
107
octreotide - biochemical, physiological
decreased secretion of 5-HT, gastrin, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide, and GLP-2 fluid retention, inhibition of motility
108
octreotide - treatment
severe secretory diarrhea
109
octreotide - adverse effects
gallbladder abnormalities, cardiovascular, hypo/hyperglycemia, hypothyroidism
110
octreotide - interactions
none reported, may interfere with absorption of some drugs
111
colestipol, cholestyramine - class
bile acid sequestrants
112
colestipol, cholestyramine - target
increases the amount of bile that reaches the colon
113
colestipol, cholestyramine - biochemical, physiological
increased fat absorption from intestine, decreased water/electrolyte secretion into the lumen of the GI tract inhibition of GI motility
114
colestipol, cholestyramine - treatment
exudation (fluid loss), secretory diarrhea
115
colestipol, cholestyramine - adverse effects
anorexia, intestinal obstruction
116
colestipol, cholestyramine - interactions
none reported, may interfere with absorption of some drugs

PDA I (3 decks)

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