Final Exam Guide #2

Question 1

What are the two natural tendencies that govern all thermodynamically favorable processes?

Answer 1

Entropy and Enthalpy

Question 2

Know reaction rate and factors that affect it

Answer 2

Reaction Rate-Tells how fast reactants change into products.
Factors: Concentration, Temperature, Surface Area, and
Catalysts

Question 3

Gasses-

Answer 3

A large number of submicroscopic particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in a constant, random motion.

Question 4

Liquids-

Answer 4

Particles in liquids are held together by intermolecular forces that balance out their kinetic energy.

Question 5

Solids-

Answer 5

Particles are always moving or vibrating
Have low rates of diffusion
Not permeable
High Densities
Fixed Shapes
Definite Volumes
Resist Compression

Question 6

Arrhenius-

Answer 6

Release hydrogen ions (H=) into aqueous solutions

Question 7

Bronsted-Lowry Acid-

Answer 7

A substance that donates protons

Question 8

Bronsted-Lowry Base-

Answer 8

A substance that accepts protons

Question 9

Lewis Acid-

Answer 9

Any substance that can accept a pair of electrons

Question 10

Lewis Base-

Answer 10

A substance that can donate a pair of electrons

Question 11

The effect a solute has on a solvent (colligate properties)

Answer 11

New properties of a solution that are different from the solvent. Depends on the number (not type) of particles of solute in the solution.
The effect creates a solution

Question 12

Molarity =

Answer 12

Moles of solute/liters of solution

Question 13

Molality=

Answer 13

Moles of solute/Kg of solvent

Question 14

% by mass=

Answer 14

mass of solute/mass of solution x 100

Question 15

% by volume=

Answer 15

volume of solute/volume of solution x 100

Question 16

Reducing Agent:

Answer 16

is a substance that reduces
another substance. Reducing agents are
always oxidized.

Question 17

Oxidizing Agent:

Answer 17

is a substance that oxidizes
other substances. Oxidizing agents are
always reduced.

Question 18

Oxidation is the ___ of an electron

Answer 18

loss

Question 19

Reduction is the __ of an electron

Answer 19

Gain

Question 20

Reduction makes oxidation numbers
___because there is a gain of electrons
and electrons are negatively charged.

Answer 20

smaller

Question 21

Oxidation makes oxidation numbers ____

because there is a transfer of electrons.

Answer 21

bigger

Question 22

Acids:

Answer 22

tart, sour taste, they neutralize

bases, ionize (form ions)

Question 23

Bases:

Answer 23

taste soapy, bitter, slippery

sensation, ionize

Question 24

G= ∆H - T∆S

Answer 24

Free Energy Change Equation
G= Gibbs free energy
H=Enthalpy
T=Temperature
S=Entropy

Question 25

-∆G indicates a net ___ in free energy and signifies that a reaction may occur naturally and spontaneously.

Answer 25

Decline

Exergonic reaction

Question 26

Stronger bonds 🡪 weaker bonds; ∆H > 0

Answer 26

(endothermic)

Question 27

Weaker bonds 🡪 stronger bonds; ∆H < 0

Answer 27

(exothermic)