FINAL EXAM

Question 1

The flow of thermal energy that produces a phase change while no temperature change is observed.

Answer 1

Latent heat

Question 2

Thermal energy that, when applied to a substance, produces a temperature change in the substance.

Answer 2

Sensible heat

Question 3

A substance (Either an element or compound) that can occur in more than one type of crystalline form.

Answer 3

Polymorphous

Question 4

One of two or more forms of a polymorphous element that exists in the same state.

Answer 4

Allotrope

Question 5

The elastic “skin” that forms the surface of a liquid. It is produced by the imbalance of intermolecular forces in the surface of a liquid.

Answer 5

Surface tension

Question 6

The curved upper surface of the column of a liquid that results from intermolecular attractions within the liquid and between the liquid and its container.

Answer 6

meniscus

Question 7

The attractions between the particles of a liquid and the particles of other materials. (The molecules are attracted to the cup)

Answer 7

Adhesion

Question 8

The minimum amount of kinetic energy required before colliding molecules can react

Answer 8

activation energy

Question 9

Boiling

Answer 9

A physical change from liquid state to the gaseous state caused by the application of heat that occurs when the vapor pressure or a liquid equals the prevailing atmospheric pressure.

Question 10

buffers

Answer 10

A solution that resists changes in pH when a moderate amount of either an acid or base is added.

Question 11

Capillary rise

Answer 11

A phenomenon in which liquid spontaneously rises or falls in a narrow space such as a thin tube or in the voids of a porous material.

Question 12

Catalyst

Answer 12

A substance that changes the reaction rate without being permanently changed in the process.

Question 13

Cohesion

Answer 13

The reaction between the particles of a liquid.

Question 14

Vapor pressure

Answer 14

The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its solid or liquid state at a specified temperature.

Question 15

The ability of a liquid to resist flow; the amount of internal resistance.

Answer 15

Viscosity

Question 16

1st and 2nd Law of thermodynamics–

Answer 16

The first law of thermodynamics also known as the law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another.” “The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy in an isolated system always increases.

Question 17

Thermodynamics

Answer 17

The study of thermal energy, heat, and their useful applications.

Question 18

Tyndall effect

Answer 18

The scattering of light by particles in a colloid.

Question 19

Colloid

Answer 19

A mixture of small particles (between 1 and 1000 nm in size) that remain dispersed in medium. Ec: fog, foam, aerosols, and gels.

Question 20

The theory that atoms and molecules must undergo forceful, properly oriented collisions before they can react.

Answer 20

Collision theory

Question 21

Critical temperature

Answer 21

The highest temperature at which a gas can be liquified. Each gas has its own characteristic critical temp.

Question 22

Dynamic equilibrium

Answer 22

A chemical equilibrium in which two or more opposing events occur at the same rate but result in no change. An example is the balancing processes of evaporation and condensation.

Question 23

Enthalpy

Answer 23

(H) The energy content of a thermodynamic system at a constant pressure.

Question 24

Entropy

Answer 24

The state (measure) of disorder.

Question 25

A naturally occurring protein molecule that acts like a catalyst.

Answer 25

Enzyme

Question 26

Freezing

Answer 26

A physical change from the liquid state to solid state.

Question 27

Gibbs free energy–

Answer 27

(G) A substance’s ability to do work, involving both the enthalpy and entropy of a substance; also called free energy.

Question 28

Kinetics

Answer 28

In chemistry, the study of the rates of reactions and the steps by which they occur.

Question 29

Melting

Answer 29

A physical change from a solid state to a liquid state.

Question 30

Pertaining to two liquids that are completely soluble in each other.

Answer 30

Miscible

Question 31

Osmosis

Answer 31

The diffusion of pure solvent molecules, such as water, through a semipermeable membrane.

Question 32

Sublimation

Answer 32

A physical change from a solid state directly to a gaseous state.

Question 33

Unsaturated

Answer 33

The condition of a solution that contains less dissolved solute than it does at equilibrium.

Question 34

Supersaturated

Answer 34

The condition of a solution that contains more dissolved solute than it does at equilibrium.

Question 35

Solution

Answer 35

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances that is dissolved.

Question 36

Solute

Answer 36

The minority substance in a solution is the substance that is dissolved.

Question 37

Saturated

Answer 37

maximum amount of solute possible at a given state of conditions.

Question 38

Specific heat

Answer 38

The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 degree C.

Question 39

Solvents

Answer 39

The most abundant substance in a solution; the substance that does the dissolving.

Question 40

Understand why like dissolves like and how that applies to polarity.

Answer 40

Polar solvents will dissolve polar and ionic solutes because of the attraction of the opposite charges on the solvent and solute particles. Non-polar solvents will only dissolve non-polar solutes because they cannot attract the dipoles or the ions.

Question 41

Know the difference between Crystalline solid - amorphous solid

Answer 41

Crystalline solids have orderly shapes and form 3D patterns. They shatter into distinct shapes. Ionic, metallic, and sometimes covalent. Crystalline solids are crystals.
Amorphous solids have no distinct shape or underlying pattern. Shatter into irregular fragments. Covalent compounds are usually amorphous.

Question 42

Know the steps of dissolving

Answer 42

Dissociation
Solvation
Diffusion

Question 43

Know what usually forms when an acid and base react and neutralize.

Answer 43

Water and salt.

Question 44

Know the difference between boiling and evaporation

Answer 44

Evaporation is when vaporization occurs in a non-boiling liquid while boiling is a change from liquid to gas with heat application. Evaporation only occurs in the surface of a liquid while boiling occurs throughout a liquid.

Question 45

Know what the three intermolecular forces are and which is strongest

Answer 45

The three intermolecular forces are Dipole-Dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion forces. Hydrogen bonds are the strongest.