FINAL EXAM FULL STUDY GUIDE Flashcards
What is Matter?
Anything that has mass & volume
Homogenous
Same composition + properties throughout. Ex. Koolaid
cannot pick out
Heterogenous
Different composition + properties throughout. Ex. Trailmix
can pick out
What are Properties
Characteristics used to distinguish one sample of matter from another.
What are Chemical Properties
Characteristics that are observed when the material undergoes a chemical change or chemical reaction and forms a new substance. Ex. Reacts With Acid
What are Physical Properties
Characteristics that do not change the chemical nature of matter. These are observed without creating a new substance.
Physical Change
No new kinds of matter + Particles are still the same. Sometimes Reversible. Like the change of state or dissolving. Ex. Tearing Paper, Freezing Water & Cutting Vegetables
Chemical Change
Different Materials with different properties. Irreversible. Like cooking/heat exposure, chemical reaction, and rusting. Ex Burning wood, Rusting nails & bleaching your hair.
Clues Of Chemical Change
Heat is released
Bubbling
Irreversible
Change in color
New substance is formed
Period vs Group
Period is horizontal rows, Groups are vertical columns
Where are metals located + What are their properties?
Metals are located on the left side of the periodic table & their properties are Solid except Mercury, Shiny Lustre, Ductile, and Malleable, and are good conductors of heat + electricity.
Where are semi-metals located + What are their properties?
Semi-metals are located along a diagonal line separating metals + non-metals & their properties are Solid, Luster shiny or dull, May conduct electricity, poor conductors of heat, brittle and not ductile.
Where are non-metals located + What are their properties?
Non-metals are located on the right side of the periodic table & their properties are all states of matter, not shiny, poor conductors, brittle and not ductile.
What are some chemical families and their properties?
1) Noble Gases + odorless, colorless, nonflammable, & monotonic gases that have low chemical reactivity.
2) Halogens + have very different physical properties all different states but all very reactive.
3) Alkali Metals + high thermal and electrical conductivity, lustre, ductility, and malleability.
4) Alkaline Earth Metals + highly metallic and are good conductors of electricity.
Where are the chemical families located on the Periodic Table
Noble Gases: Last Column on the right side
Halogens: One to the left of Noble Gases
Alkali Metals: First Column on the left, all except hydrogen
Alkaline earth metals: One to the right of Alkali Metals
Where are protons, electrons and neutrons located
Protons and Neutrons are in the nucleus, Electrons are in the shells
What are valence electrons
Electrons on the last shell
How to calculate number of Protons
Using the atomic number, or by subtracting the number of neutrons from the atomic weight
How to calculate number of electrons
equal to number of protons unless it is an ion, in which case go off of charge
How to calculate number of neutrons?
Mass Number minus the number of protons
Make a Bohr Diagram for either Oxygen, Iodine or Copper?
Draw circle in middle, add protons equivalent to atomic number, and minus that from the atomic weight to get neutrons, put neutrons in nucleus with protons, add shells with electrons equivalent to number of protons unless it is an ion.
What is Period used to find in Bohr Diagrams?
Number of shells
What is Group used to find in Bohr Diagrams?
Number of Valence electrons
What are the parts of a DNA molecule?
DNA consists of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules (Side of Ladder) and paired nitrogen bases (Steps of Ladder) also known as nucleotides.
How do Sugar, Phosphate and Nitrogen Bases pair up in the DNA molecule?
Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) pair together, and Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G) pair together. (Apples in the Trees, Cars in the Garage)
What are 4 Advantages of Sexual Reproduction?
- Very little energy required to find a mate (External Fertilization
- Greater numbers of offspring can repopulate after a disaster
- More protection is given to the embryo and more parental care is given (Internal)
- Offspring are genetically different from the parent, so they may survive new diseases or other threats that appear in the population
3 characteristics of Asexual Reproduction
Multiple offspring, genetic clones, Single parent
What are 3 Characteristics of Sexual Reproduction?
2 Parents,
Genetically different offspring
Has 3 Stages (Mating, Fertilization, and Development)
What are all 5 methods of Asexual Reproduction?
1) Binary Fission 2) Fragmentation 3) Budding 4) Spore Formation 5) Vegetative Reproduction
What is the purpose of Meiosis
The purpose of Meiosis is to produce sperm and egg cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
What are the stages of Meiosis
Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase 1 and 2 for each
4 Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
Many offspring Fast,
Energy not used to find Mate,
large populations form to beat other organisms,
Large number of organisms can survive changes to the environment
3 Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
Offspring are clones and can inherit negative mutations,
Hostile environments can wipe out entire populations
Some methods produce organisms close together causing them to fight for nutrients.
What are some Advantages & Disadvantages of Internal Fertilization?
Advantages = 1) More offspring survive since protected by parent 2) fertilized egg is protected from dehydration
Disadvantages = 1) More energy is needed to find a mate 2) mating requires lots of energy 3) fewer zygotes are produced compared to external fertilization
What are some Advantages & Disadvantages of External Fertilization?
Advantages = 1) little energy is needed to find a mate 2) large numbers of offspring can be produced 3) offspring don’t compete for food as they are spread out
Disadvantages = 1) gametes may not survive (weather, temp, predators) 2) few offspring survive to adulthood (no care from parents) 3) Water currents can carry away gametes
What is Independent Assortment? When does it occur?
It’s the idea that homologous chromosome line up randomly in metaphase resulting in genetically diverse daughter cells. It occurs during Metaphase 1
What is the process of crossing over? When does it occur?
Crossing over is when homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange pieces of their DNA with each other. Prophase 1
What happens during Prophase
- Nuclear membrane begins to disappear
- DNA thickens and condenses into duplicated
chromosomes - Homologous chromosomes are paired
What happens during Metaphase
Spindle fibers guide chromosome movement
* Homologous chromosome pairs line up along the middle of the cell
What happens during Anaphase
Homologous chromosome pairs separate and go to each end of the cell
What happens during Telophase
Two nuclei form
* Each nucleus contains a
complete copy of the
cell’s DNA
* Cell divides, forming
two cells (cytokinesis I)
What happens during Prophase 2
Nuclear membrane
begins to disappear
* DNA exists as
chromosomes
What happens during Interphase?
Growth and preparation: Cells increase in size, proteins needed for cell function are made some organelles start to duplicate,
Replication: DNA is copied,
Continued growth and preparation: Cells keep growing, proteins are made for daughter cells, Rest of organelles are duplicated
What happens during Metaphase 2
Chromosomes line up
along the middle of the
cell
What happens during Mitosis?
Duplicated DNA is split up into two equal parts,
What happens during Anaphase 2
Sister chromatids are
separated and go to each
end of the cell
What Happens during Telophase
- Four nuclei form
- Cell divides
(cytokinesis II),
forming four new
cells
What happens during Early Prophase (Mitosis)
Early Prophase: Duplicated chromosomes coil up into x shaped chromosomes, nucleolus disappears, nuclear membrane breaks down, centrioles begin to separate and spindle fibers form
What happens during late prophase (mitosis)
Spindle fibres completely formed chromosomes attach to spindle fibres,
Nuclear membrane disappears
What happens during Anaphase (Mitosis)
Chromatids split and move to opposite sides of the cell
What happens during Telophase (Mitosis)
Spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membrane form around each set of chromosomes, nucleolus appears within each nucleus, cells start to pinch into two and is ready to divide.
What is conduction
it is the process of transferring charge between objects by touching or rubbing EG. Rubbing a balloon against your hair
What is induction
the process of rearranging electrons on a neutral object by bringing a charged object close to it EG. Rubbing a balloon with fur and bringing it close to water
How does an object become charged or neutral
It becomes charged or neutral by losing or gaining electrons.
Why cant an object lose protons
An object cannot lose protons because they are in the nucleus
What are the 3 laws of Static Charge
1) Opposite charges attract (+ and -)
2) Like charges repel (- and -) (+ and +)
3) Neutral objects attract charged objects
What is an insulator
A material that doesn’t allow charges to move easily + can build up and keep a static charge EG. Glass, Plastic, Ceramics, Dry Wood & Rubber (Balloon)
What is a conductor
A material that allows electrons to move freely throughout it + can’t keep a static charge EG. Metals (Silver, Iron, Aluminum, Copper, etc.)
What is Static Charge
It’s an electric charge that is collected and held in one place (Doesn’t Move)
Review Charge Diagrams
<3
What is the purpose of the battery?
To convert chemical energy into electrical energy!
What are the four main components of a Circuit
Switch, conductor, load, source
What is an Electric Circuit
A complete pathway that allows electrons to flow
How do electrochemical cells work
By using chemical reactions to charge two terminals, one negative one positive, letting charges flow through
What is a battery
A group of electrochemical cells
What energy transformation is involved in electrochemical cells
Chemical Energy ——-> Electrical Energy
What is the function of a switch
The function of a switch is to turn the electrical circuit on and off.
What is the function of a load
Converts electrical energy into another form of energy EG. light, heat
What is the function of a conductor
Allows electrons to flow through the circuit
Conventional vs Electron Flow
Conventional current flows from positive to negative, Electron flow flows from negative to positive
What is an Ammeter
A device that measures electric current in a circuit
What is a voltmeter
A device that measures electrical potential in volts
What is a Ohmmeter
A device that measures electrical resistance
How do you calculate volts
Volts = Amperes x Ohms
How do you calculate Amps
Amperes = Volts divided by Ohms
How do you calculate Ohms
Ohms = Volts divided by Amperes
What is current electricity
The continuous flow of charge in a complete circuit
