Final exam- extra review points Flashcards
Basic limb plan
- Flat bone = limb to spine
- Single long bone connects limb to trunk
- Joins 2 long bones
- Row of 3 wrist/ankle bones
- Row of 4 bones
- 5 bones in hand and foot and corresponding digits
Movements of shoulder complex
1/3 scapulothoracic
• 2/3 glenohumeral
What is the interosseous membrane
Membrane between ulnar and radius, responsible for transferring load between the 2
Muscle function is indicated by
- Attachments
- Thickness
- Length
- Fibre arrangement
Rotator cuff muscles
- Supraspinatus = abduct
- Infraspinatus = rotation
- Teres minor = external rotators
Retinacula
Tough, fibrous connective tissue preventing tendons across wrist from bowstringing
Muscle groups for power grip
- Distal IP joint flexors
* Wrist extensors
Muscle groups for precision
- Proximal IP joint flexors
* Fine movers of hand- lumbricals interossei, thenar group
Long effort arm
Low gear = low speed, high force
Short effort arm
high gear = high speed, low force
Hip load bearing
- Series of connected arches
- Hip bone transmits load to head of femur
- Involves bones and ligaments across joints
- Eccentric contractions used to absorb impact during locomotion
Hip ligaments role
- Redistribute load from sacrum to pelvis
- Weight of upper body slightly anterior to sacrum
- Ligaments prevent anterior rotation and dislocation
- Sacrospinous, sacrotuberous
Ligaments limiting hip extension
- Pubo-femoral
- Ilio-femoral- takes load when standing to limit muscle use
- Ischio-femoral
Knee ligament injuries
- Hyperextension or blow to femur = ACL
- Direct blow to tibia = PCL
- Lateral blow or forced abduction = medial
Load bearing while standing
- Iliofemoral ligament
- Cruciate ligaments
- Ankle joint
- More efficient with minimal muscle activity
Plantar fascia
supports arches and acts as spring during gait
Ilio-tibial band
provides dynamic stability to knee laterally
Popliteus
small muscle back of knee, contracted to unlock knee
Soleus
postural muscle deep to gastrocnemius
Fontanelles
membranous connective tissue joining bones of infant skull
Spine curvatures
- Cervical lordosis
- Thoracic kyphosis
- Lumbar lordosis
- Sacral kyphosis
Ribs
- 12 ribs
- 7 true- articulate with sternum via costal cartilage
- 5 false- 3 share common cartilaginous connection to sternum, 2 floating
Movements of vertebral column
- Flexion
- Extension
- Lateral bending
- Twisting
Lateral pterygoid
protraction
Medial pterygoid
sideways movement
Facial expression
- Frontalis = surprise
- Orbicularis oris = smile, sneer, put and grimace
- Zygomaticus = smile
- Buccinators = trumpet player
- Most muscles insert into connective tissue
Platysma
muscle of anterior neck
Scalene muscles
around neck, elevate rib cage for breathing
Erector spinae muscles
- Iliocostalis
- Longissimus
- Spinalis
Premotor/ motor cortex
planning, initiating, directing voluntary movements
Brainstem
basic movements, postural control
Upper motor neurons
neurons in premotor/motor and brainstem
Basal ganglia
gaiting, timing, initiation of movement
Cerebellum
sensory-motor coordination, match output to intention
Spinal cord
- Motor neuron pools- motor output, fusimotor output
* Local circuit neurons- reflex coordination and modulation
Pyramidal tract
connects spinal cord to upper motor neurons
Motor system functions
- Plan
- Feed forward
- Feed back
- Learn
Spindle fibres
measure length
golgi tendon organs
measure force
Sensory receptors
- Mechano (proprioceptors)
- Chemo
- Thermos
- Nociceptors
- Photo
Texture mechanoreceptors
- Hair follicles
- Meissner corp
- Pacinian corp
Pressure mechano
- Ruffini endings
* Merkel endings
Corticospinal pathway
fine motor control, ensures you don’t fall over while moving a limb
Motor Planning/execution
- Supplementary motor- my ideas
- Lateral motor- my world
- Primary motor- execution
Motor measurement
- Cerebellum
- Movements intended v movements performed
- Compares and corrects
- Adjusts movements to match the environment
- Cerebellum lesion = tremors and inability to correct errors in real time
Vestibulocerebellum
head/eye movements, gait & posture
Spinocerebellum
what you want v what you did
Cerebrocerebellum
instantaneous motor learning
