Final exam- extra review points

Question 1

Basic limb plan

Answer 1

• Flat bone = limb to spine
• Single long bone connects limb to trunk
• Joins 2 long bones
• Row of 3 wrist/ankle bones
• Row of 4 bones
• 5 bones in hand and foot and corresponding digits

Question 2

Movements of shoulder complex

Answer 2

1/3 scapulothoracic

• 2/3 glenohumeral

Question 3

What is the interosseous membrane

Answer 3

Membrane between ulnar and radius, responsible for transferring load between the 2

Question 4

Muscle function is indicated by

Answer 4

• Attachments
• Thickness
• Length
• Fibre arrangement

Question 5

Rotator cuff muscles

Answer 5

• Supraspinatus = abduct
• Infraspinatus = rotation
• Teres minor = external rotators

Question 6

Retinacula

Answer 6

Tough, fibrous connective tissue preventing tendons across wrist from bowstringing

Question 7

Muscle groups for power grip

Answer 7

• Distal IP joint flexors

* Wrist extensors

Question 8

Muscle groups for precision

Answer 8

• Proximal IP joint flexors

* Fine movers of hand- lumbricals interossei, thenar group

Question 9

Long effort arm

Answer 9

Low gear = low speed, high force

Question 10

Short effort arm

Answer 10

high gear = high speed, low force

Question 11

Hip load bearing

Answer 11

• Series of connected arches
• Hip bone transmits load to head of femur
• Involves bones and ligaments across joints
• Eccentric contractions used to absorb impact during locomotion

Question 12

Hip ligaments role

Answer 12

• Redistribute load from sacrum to pelvis
• Weight of upper body slightly anterior to sacrum
• Ligaments prevent anterior rotation and dislocation
• Sacrospinous, sacrotuberous

Question 13

Ligaments limiting hip extension

Answer 13

• Pubo-femoral
• Ilio-femoral- takes load when standing to limit muscle use
• Ischio-femoral

Question 14

Knee ligament injuries

Answer 14

• Hyperextension or blow to femur = ACL
• Direct blow to tibia = PCL
• Lateral blow or forced abduction = medial

Question 15

Load bearing while standing

Answer 15

• Iliofemoral ligament
• Cruciate ligaments
• Ankle joint
• More efficient with minimal muscle activity

Question 16

Plantar fascia

Answer 16

supports arches and acts as spring during gait

Question 17

Ilio-tibial band

Answer 17

provides dynamic stability to knee laterally

Question 18

Popliteus

Answer 18

small muscle back of knee, contracted to unlock knee

Question 19

Soleus

Answer 19

postural muscle deep to gastrocnemius

Question 20

Fontanelles

Answer 20

membranous connective tissue joining bones of infant skull

Question 21

Spine curvatures

Answer 21

• Cervical lordosis
• Thoracic kyphosis
• Lumbar lordosis
• Sacral kyphosis

Question 22

Ribs

Answer 22

• 12 ribs
• 7 true- articulate with sternum via costal cartilage
• 5 false- 3 share common cartilaginous connection to sternum, 2 floating

Question 23

Movements of vertebral column

Answer 23

• Flexion
• Extension
• Lateral bending
• Twisting

Question 24

Lateral pterygoid

Answer 24

protraction

Question 25

Medial pterygoid

Answer 25

sideways movement

Question 26

Facial expression

Answer 26

* Frontalis = surprise * Orbicularis oris = smile, sneer, put and grimace * Zygomaticus = smile * Buccinators = trumpet player * Most muscles insert into connective tissue

Question 27

Platysma

Answer 27

muscle of anterior neck

Question 28

Scalene muscles

Answer 28

around neck, elevate rib cage for breathing

Question 29

Erector spinae muscles

Answer 29

* Iliocostalis * Longissimus * Spinalis

Question 30

Premotor/ motor cortex

Answer 30

planning, initiating, directing voluntary movements

Question 31

Brainstem

Answer 31

basic movements, postural control

Question 32

Upper motor neurons

Answer 32

neurons in premotor/motor and brainstem

Question 33

Basal ganglia

Answer 33

gaiting, timing, initiation of movement

Question 34

Cerebellum

Answer 34

sensory-motor coordination, match output to intention

Question 35

Spinal cord

Answer 35

* Motor neuron pools- motor output, fusimotor output | * Local circuit neurons- reflex coordination and modulation

Question 36

Pyramidal tract

Answer 36

connects spinal cord to upper motor neurons

Question 37

Motor system functions

Answer 37

* Plan * Feed forward * Feed back * Learn

Question 38

Spindle fibres

Answer 38

measure length

Question 39

golgi tendon organs

Answer 39

measure force

Question 40

Sensory receptors

Answer 40

* Mechano (proprioceptors) * Chemo * Thermos * Nociceptors * Photo

Question 41

Texture mechanoreceptors

Answer 41

* Hair follicles * Meissner corp * Pacinian corp

Question 42

Pressure mechano

Answer 42

* Ruffini endings | * Merkel endings

Question 43

Corticospinal pathway

Answer 43

fine motor control, ensures you don’t fall over while moving a limb

Question 44

Motor Planning/execution

Answer 44

* Supplementary motor- my ideas * Lateral motor- my world * Primary motor- execution

Question 45

Motor measurement

Answer 45

* Cerebellum * Movements intended v movements performed * Compares and corrects * Adjusts movements to match the environment * Cerebellum lesion = tremors and inability to correct errors in real time

Question 46

Vestibulocerebellum

Answer 46

head/eye movements, gait & posture

Question 47

Spinocerebellum

Answer 47

what you want v what you did

Question 48

Cerebrocerebellum

Answer 48

instantaneous motor learning