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Biology 102 > Final Exam/Ecology Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam/Ecology Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Ecology?

A

The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.

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2
Q

Abiotic Component

A

Nonliving chemical and physical factors such as temperature, light, water, minerals, air.

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3
Q

Biotic Component

A

Living factors, all the other organisms that are part of an individual’s environment.

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4
Q

Organismal Ecology

A

The evolutionary adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet the challenges of their abiotic environments.

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5
Q

Population Ecology

A

Population- A group of individuals of the same species living.

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6
Q

Community Ecology

A

Community- All the organisms that inhabit a particular area, how interactions between sp., such as predation, competition, and symbiosis, affect community structure and organization.

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7
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

Ecosystem- All the abiotic factors in addition to the community of species in a certain area. Energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic factors.

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8
Q

Biosphere

A

Global Ecosystem-Sum of all ecosystems. Includes the atmosphere to an altitude of several kilometers, the land down to the water-bearing rocks about 1500m deep, lakes and streams, caves, oceans to a depth of several kilometers.

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9
Q

Types of Ecology?

A 
Organismal Ecology
Population Ecology
Community Ecology
Ecosystem Ecology
Biosphere
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10
Q

Sunlight

A

Aquatic Environment: Distribution of algae(Sunlight only goes down to certain depths in the sea.)
Land: In forests, shading by trees causes competition for light at ground levels.

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11
Q

Water

A

Aquatic Environment: Water Balance
Land: Drying out or dehydration, waxy coat on leaves
Mammals: Layer of dead outer skin with a waterproofing protein; kidneys excrete urea with minimal water loss.

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12
Q

Temperature

A

Affects metabolism
At temperature of 50 C(122 F) enzymes are denatured
Mammals and birds: warm-blooded, stay active over wider temperature ranges.

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13
Q

Wind

A

Causes evaporative cooling in summer
Bacteria, Protista, Insects: Depend on nutrients blown by the wind
Plants: Pollen and seeds dispersed by the wind; affects the pattern of plant growth.

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14
Q

Rocks & Soil

A

Physical structure and chemical composition of rocks and soil determine the distribution of plants, and animals that feed on plants.
The composition of underlying rocks affects water chemistry in rivers and streams.

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15
Q

Periodic Disturbances

A

Fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic activity can destroy biological communities.
Recolonization post-diaster/disturbance leads to changes in the community structure.

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16
Q

Abiotic Factors

A 
Sunlight
Water
Tempature
Winds
Rocks & Soil
Periodic Disturbances(Natural Disasters)
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17
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Contraction of blood vessels in the skin; contraction of muscles attached to hair causes goose bumps.

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18
Q

Acclimation

A

Longer term physiological response; related to the range of conditions that the species naturally experiences. Species living in warm climates cannot acclimate to the extreme cold.

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19
Q

Anatomical Responses

A

Seen more in plants than animals, trees show “flagging”.

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20
Q

Behavioral Responses

A

Reptiles move between sun and shade; birds migrate.

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21
Q

Physiological Responses

A

Thermoregulation
Acclimation
Anatomical Responses
Behavioral Responses

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22
Q

Population Ecology(Focuses On?)

A
  1. Population size- # of individuals
  2. Growth rate- rate of change in population size
  3. Density- # of individuals/ unit area
  4. Structure- relative #s of individuals of different ages, ethnicity, etc.
    Population- Group of individuals of the same sp. living in a given area at a given time.
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23
Q

Population Density Measurement

A
  1. Count total # of individuals/area
  2. Sampling technique-
    a. # of organisms in a given area:
    larger than the # of samples and sample size, greater the accuracy
    b. Indirect indications: # of nests or burrows
    c. Mark-recapture method:
    Place traps
    Mark captured animals- tag/collar/spot
    Release
    Trap
    Capture marked and unmarked animals
    Estimate total # of individuals
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24
Q

Patterns of Dispersion

A

The way individuals are spaced within the population’s geographic range.

  1. Clumped patterns: Aggregates; due to the unequal distribution of resources
  2. Uniform pattern: Due to interactions among individuals
  3. Random: Absence of strong attraction/repulsion among individuals; rare
25
Q

Exponential Growth Model

A

This is the rate of expansion under ideal, unregulated conditions. The population multiplies by a constant factor during a constant time. The rate at which the population grows depends on the number of individuals already in the population.

26
Q

Logistic Growth Models

A

After exponential growth for a while, one or more environmental factors limit growth- population limiting factor.

27
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The number of individuals in a population that the environment can maintain with no net increase or decrease. Population growth=0.

28
Q

Population Growth Models

A

Exponential Growth Model

Logistic Growth Model

29
Q

Density-Dependent Factors

A

Population limiting factors whose effects intensify as the population increases in density(ex. food supply, accumulation of waste products.)

30
Q

Density Independent Factors

A

Population limiting factors whose intensity is unrelated to population density, ex. weather change, such as frost .

31
Q

Population Cycles

A

Some species have regular boom and bust cycles caused by predation, food supply constraints, reduced fertility due to stress from crowding.

32
Q

Methods of Regulation of Population Growth

A

Density-Dependent Factors
Density Independent Factors
Population Cycles

33
Q

Diversity

A

The variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the community.

34
Q

Species Richness

A

Total # of different species in the community.

b. Relative abundance of the different species.

35
Q

Prevalent Form of Vegetation

A

One of the Key Properties of Communities

36
Q

Stability

A

Ability to resist change and return to original species composition after a disturbance. Depends on type of community and nature of the disturbance.

37
Q

Trophic Structure

A

Feeding relationships among the various species
Interspecific Interactions: Interactions between species.
1. Competition
2. Predation
3. Symbiosis

38
Q

Competition

A

As population density increases and nears carrying capacity,individuals compete for limiting resources such as food.
Gauss-Competitive Exchange Principle

39
Q

Niche

A

The sum total of a species use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment is called the species niche.
Parts of niche include temperature range, size of trees, time of the day is active, size and type of insects it eats.

40
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to co-exist in a community. As a result of competition, one sp. may become extinct or one may evolve to use a different set of resources.

41
Q

Predation

A

Predators- Acute senses such as claws, teeth, fangs, stingers or poison, heat sensing organs(rattlesnake)

42
Q

Predation Defenses

A

Plant Defenses- Spines/thorns, chemical toxins
Animal Defenses- Hiding, escaping, defending, alarm calls, distraction displays, camo, cryptic coloration, chemical toxins, mimicry.

43
Q

Effects Of Predation

A

When certain species are killed off by predators, it hurts the ecosystem.

44
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits, other is harmed.
Example:
Internal parasite-tapeworms, protozoa
External parasite- mosquitos suck blood, Aphids suck sap

45
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefitted
Mycorrhizae-root-fungus association
Lichens-fungus-algae association

46
Q

What is Ecological Succession?

A

The process of community change.

47
Q

Primary Succession

A

When a community arises in a virtually lifeless area with no soil.
Takes hundreds or thousands of years
Autotrophic microorganisms, moss, lichens, grasses, shrubs, trees

48
Q

Secondary Succession

A

Community destroyed but soil is intact.

49
Q

Energy Flow

A

Passage of energy through the components of the ecosystem.

50
Q

Chemical Cycling

A

The use and reuse of chemical elements such as carbon and nitrogen within the ecosystem.

51
Q

Biomes

A

Major types of ecosystems that cover large geographic areas.

52
Q

Tropical Rainforest

A

Rainfall

Vertical Stratification

53
Q

Savanna

A

Grasslands with scattered trees
Large herbivores and predators
Insects- especially ants and termites

54
Q

Desert

A

Sparse rainfall

Cacti- water saving adaptations- spines, poisons

55
Q

Chaparral

A

Mid-altitude coastal areas with mild rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers
Dense evergreen shrubs

56
Q

Temperate Grassland

A

Prairies of Central North America

Seasonal drought, occasional fires, grazing by large animals

57
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forest

A

Deciduous trees

Animals hibernate in winter, trees drop leaves before winter

58
Q

Coniferous Forest

A

Cone-bearing evergreen trees such as pine, spruce, fir and hemlock

59
Q

Tundra

A

Permafrost(Permanently frozen subsoil)
Bitterly cold winters
High winds
No trees

Biology 102 (2 decks)

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