Final Exam - Dr. Dascanio's Material (Equine) Flashcards
A pony is < ____ hands high
A pony is < 14.2 hands high
An average horse is ___ to ___ hands high
An average horse is 15 to 17 hands high
For equines, each body condition score = ~___ lbs
For equines, each body condition score = ~50 lbs
What is the ideal BCS for a performance horse?
~4-5
(has a job; competition)
What is the ideal BCS for a pleasure horse?
~5-6
(horse kept for pleasure or for casual riding)
In equines, a BCS of ___ or above would be considered obese
In equines, a BCS of 7 or above or above would be considered obese
The average horse is about _____ lbs
1100
Where is the gall bladder located in the equine?
Equines don’t have a gallbladder, sucka!!
What is the site of absorption of vitamins and minerals in the equine?
small intestine
What is the primary site of water absorption in the equine?
large intestine
What is the maximal dry matter intake (DMI) for an equine during maintenance?
1.5-2% of body weight
What is the maximal dry matter intake (DMI) for an equine during peak lactation?
3% of body weight
What is the most common feeding strategy for equines?
Batch feeding
- Hay and grain in morning
- Hay and grain in evening
- Not the natural way
- Low amount of water ingested
- Feces dry
Textured feeds often have __________ added to them for increased palatability and to reduce dust
Textured feeds often have molasses added to them for increased palatability and to reduce dust
What are some problems associated with high concentrate diets?
- Too much delivery of starch to LI
- Fermented
- Diarrhea, colic and laminitis as for fructans
Mucosal damage occurs with bacterial change as a result of ___________
Mucosal damage occurs with bacterial change as a result of grain overload
Why would we want to avoid tall fescue?
- Less palatable
- Does not recover well
- Fungus present in fescue
- Possible toxicity especially to pregnant mares
__________ are the storage carbohydrate of growing grasses
fructans are the storage carbohydrate of growing grasses
Oligosaccharides of fructose
Why are fructans dangerous for equines?
- Not digested by mammalian enzymes
- Escape SI digestion
- Rapidly fermented in LI (Produce lactic acid, lower pH –> inflammation of gut wall)
- Approximately twice as dangerous as starch
Inflammation of laminae of hoof wall is known as __________
laminitis
The NSC content of hay can be reduced by ~ 30% by _______________
The NSC content of hay can be reduced by ~ 30% by soaking in water for 30 to 60 minutes
NSC above ___% may contribute to issues in problem horses
NSC above 12% may contribute to issues in problem horses
Identify this plant.
Alsike (Ladino) Clover
What are some problems associated with Alsike (Ladino) Clover
Unlike white clover, stem is erect
- Linked to development of liver disease in horses
- Nervous signs (hepatic encephalopathy)
- wasting
- Photosensitization
Identify this plant.
Red Clover
What are some problems associated with Red Clover?
- Occasionally contaminated with fungus
- Rhizoctonia leguminicola
- Produces slaframines
- Slobbering
- Piloerection
- Respiratory Distress
- Toxin slowly degraded during storage of hay
- Also a source of phytoestrogens
Nutrient requirements of equines are based on:
- Type of horse
- Age
- Current body weight and condition
- Physiologic state
For an 1100 lb (500 kg) horse, the energy requirement for maintenance is:
~16.4 Mcal
= 1.4 + (0.03*Body weight in kg)
= 1.4 +(0.03*500)
Quiet hacking 1-3 times a week, light schooling, occasional competitions etc. is considered what type of work?
light work
Daily hacking 1-2 hours or 30-60 minutes schooling, riding club competitions etc. is considered what type of work?
moderate work
Hard schooling sessions, regular show jumping, endurance, dressage competitions, racing, 3-day eventing is considered what type of work?
hard work
Crude Protein Requirement for maintenance in equines is ___% of body weight
Crude Protein Requirement for maintenance in equines is 8% of body weight
Crude Protein Requirement for pregnant mares in equines is ___% of body weight
Crude Protein Requirement for pregnant mares in equines is ~10% of body weight
Crude Protein Requirement for weanlings in equines is ___% of body weight
Crude Protein Requirement for weanlings in equines is 14% of body weight
What are the limiting amino acids in equines?
Lysine & threonine
Good sources of ‘supplemental fat’ include:
corn oil, soy oil, rice bran
What are some Problems Related to Feeding Preserved Feed?
- cribbing
- gastric ulcers
What is happening in the image below?
cribbing
Gastric ulcers are most common in what type of horse?
performance horses
What is a big problem associated with feeding hay to horses?
Blister Beatles
- Mainly found in alfalfa hay (Flowering stages)
- Mid West, Southwest, Mountain Regions hay at greater risk for contamination
- Colic, renal disease
Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy can be seen as a result of __________
Vitamin E deficiency
Leukoencephalomalacia
….well?
Moldy corn disease
- (Leuko= white; encephalo=brain)*
- Fumonisin toxicity causes neurologic signs (mycotoxin)
- Liquefactive necrosis of the cerebral white matter
Where do you look on a horse to assess the BCS?
- Withers, crest of the neck
- Over the ribs, behind the shoulders
- Tailhead region (flat vs gutter looking)
What breed of horses have a dished face?
Arabian horses
What is the maximum DM intake for a lactating mare?
Lactating mare: DM intake = 3% BW
Which grass causes slobbering in horse?
Red clover
What is a clinical sign of grain overload?
Diarrhea (medical emergency)
What is the maintenance DE requirement for horses?
Maintenance DE = 16.4Mcal
What is the increase DE for lactating mares?
Lactating mare DE = 16.4 + 75%
What do you do with the hay for heevy horses?
- Soak the hay to limit dust
- 30 min in warm water
- 60 min in cold water
What can you give a performance horse to prevent gastric ulcer?
Aloe vera, alfalfa hay
Development orthopedic disease is due to too much __________
Due to too much grain (energy)
Sudden dietary changes lead to:
- Laminitis
- colic
Describe Monday Morning disease
- In working horses, being fed the same amount of grain, during the work week and resting weekend.
- Excess carbohydrate storage in muscles -> build up of acid in muscle cell
- The next Monday, horse experience:
- Equine exertional rhabdomyolysis
- Tying up: muscle cramping
- Muscle breaking
- Myoglobin in blood and urine
What nutrients are poorly digested in geriatric horses?
Protein, phosphorus and fiber
What pathogenesis would you see in an obese pony that has been off its feed?
Hyperlipidemia leading to fatty liver
How would you calculate a weight loss ration for an obese horse?
2% of current BW for 2 wks, 1.5% of current BW for 2 wks, 1.5% of desired BW for 2 wks
Should a starving horse initially be put on an energy dense ration to stimulate weight gain?
No! Start on a poor to moderate quality hay and feed 50% of maintenance. Gradually increase and add in grain
How much weight should a horse loose to go from a body condition score of 8 to a body condition score of 6?
100 lbs
Developmental orthopedic disease (DOD) is most often associated with an excess of:
energy
What is the daily energy requirement of a 1100 lb. horse in heavy work?
32.8 Mcal
If hay was the only feedstuff, how much hay (on a dry matter basis) should a 1050 lb. horse at maintenance be able to eat each day?
15-20 lbs of hay
Where are simple sugars and non-resistant starches broken down in the horse gastrointestinal tract?
Small intestine
Which horse would tend to have a greater metabolic rate and thus potentially more nutrient demands? Consider these horses are not working.
a) clydesdale draft horse
b) arabian
c) Shetland pony
d) warmblood mare
Which horse would tend to have a greater metabolic rate and thus potentially more nutrient demands? Consider these horses are not working.
a) clydesdale draft horse
_b) arabian _
c) Shetland pony
d) warmblood mare
