Final exam cumulative portion

Question 1

Following a period of exercise training, a horse’s muscle becomes better at making ATP aerobically. If you took a muscle biopsy from this fit horses, and examined it under a special microscope, which organelle would you expect to see in greater abundance (compared to pre-exercise training)?

Answer 1

Mitochondria

Question 2

The major component of the plasma membrane is the phospholipid. Which of the following correctly describes how they are arranged to form the plasma membrane?

Answer 2

A bilayer with the heads pointing towards the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid and the tails pointing towards the center of the membrane

Question 3

Which of the following statements correctly explains why a 0.9% saline solution is safe solution to administer intravenously to animals

Answer 3

It is an isotonic solution compared to the animal’s red blood cells, so it will not result in the net gain or loss of water from the animal’s red blood cells

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of acute enzyme regulation?

Answer 4

)When insulin binds to its receptor on fat cells, it activates the phosphorylation of enzymes involved in fat deposition, increasing the speed at which they work

Question 5

These three organs in the chicken gastrointestinal tract collectively perform similar functions to the stomach of a pig.

Answer 5

Crop, proventriculus, gizzard

Question 6

During protein digestion in the non-ruminant stomach, what component of the gastric secretion is necessary to activate the enzyme pepsinogen?

Answer 6

HCl

Question 7

Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of protein digestion in the ruminant?

Answer 7

Microbes in the rumen digest dietary protein to ammonia and carbon backbones → microbes in the rumen use the ammonia and carbon backbones to make amino acids and microbial protein → microbial protein is released from the microbe in the abomasum with the help of lysozyme → microbial protein is digested in a similar manner to in the non-ruminant

Question 8

Which of the following correctly describes the process of glucose absorption from the lumen of the small intestine

Answer 8

Glucose is transported across the apical membrane of the enterocyte → glucose is transported across the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte into the portal vein

Question 9

Which of the following gastrointestinal secretions are regulated, at least in part, by the nervous system?

Answer 9

Gastric, Pancreatic and Salivary

Question 10

During a wave of peristalsis, the ___________________ muscles behind the bolus contract and the __________________ in front of the bolus contract.

Answer 10

Circular; longitudinal

Question 11

Which of the following is not a unique function of saliva in ruminants (compared to the role of saliva in non-ruminants?

Answer 11

Source of amylase for cellulose digestion

Question 12

In ruminants, digesta can move to three different organs from the reticulum, depending on particle size and the degree of digestion. The smallest, most dense particles will move into which of the following organs directly from the reticulum?

Answer 12

Omasum

Question 13

If you wanted to measure the basal metabolic rate of several different animals (individually), which of the following conditions does not need to be met?

Answer 13

All animals of the same body weight

Question 14

.If a dog is hot, he may lay on the cool cement. Which method of heat dissipation is he using in this example?

Answer 14

Conduction

Question 15

Physiology is the study of animal form and anatomy is the study of animal function.

Answer 15

False

Question 16

In a species that uses a conformity strategy in response to environmental change, when the external environment changes, that species’ internal environment remains constant.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

All receptors require the use of secondary messengers.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

The hormone CCK is triggers a decrease in pancreatic secretions.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Foregut fermenters, such as a sheep, digest cellulose microbially; whereas hindgut fermenters, such as a horse, digest cellulose enzymatically

Answer 19

False

Question 20

A dog has a higher weight-specific metabolic rate than a dairy cow.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Which classification of hormones are modified amino acids?

Answer 21

Amine hormones

Question 22

When peptide hormones bind to their receptors, which of the following statements correctly describes the typical mode of action of these hormones?

Answer 22

An increase in the production of secondary messengers, leading to the activation/deactivation of enzymes (or proteins) that are already present

Question 23

Which division of the nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

Answer 23

Peripheral nervous system

Question 24

Sensory information that animals have a conscious awareness of is processed by this region of the brain?

Answer 24

Cerebral cortex

Question 25

This region of the neuron is responsible for neurotransmitter release into the synapse.

Answer 25

Axon terminal

Question 26

This membrane protein is essential for the establishment and maintenance of resting membrane potential.

Answer 26

Na+/K+-ATPase

Question 27

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a condition in dogs where the myelin sheath is destroyed (ie. disappears) over time. What effect would you expect DM to have on the rate that an action potential can spread along the axon of a neuron?

Answer 27

The speed would decrease

Question 28

Which of the following would not be considered to be a part of the synapse between twoneurons?

Answer 28

Axon of the post-synaptic neuron

Question 29

In this type of synapse, there is a direct effect on the membrane potential of the post-synaptic cell, resulting in the hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic cell.

Answer 29

Type 2 (IPSP) ionotropic synapse

Question 30

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between the somatic and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 30

The somatic nervous system uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter at the target tissue, whereas the autonomic nervous system may use either norephinephrine or acetylcholine

Question 31

What is the name for the specialized plasma membrane that surrounds each individual muscle fiber?

Answer 31

Sarcolemma

Question 32

Which of the following correctly lists the proteins that form the thin filament?

Answer 32

Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin

Question 33

In order for muscle contraction to occur, ATP binds to which of the myofilament proteins?

Answer 33

Myosin

Question 34

Which of the following statements correctly describes what happens to the sarcomere during muscle contraction?

Answer 34

There is an increase in overlap of the thick and the thin filaments, resulting in a shortening of each sarcomere

Question 35

Which muscle fiber type is a fast twitch muscle, has an intermediate number of mitochondria and can make its ATP through both aerobic and glycolytic (anaerobic) pathways?

Answer 35

Type IIA

Question 36

All hormones must travel through the bloodstream in order to reach their target organ.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Action potentials are only able to be propagated in a single direction, from the axon hillock towards the axon terminal.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

All neurotransmitters are made in the axon terminal of the neuron.

Answer 38

False

Question 39

Both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems require 2 neurons to go from the central nervous system to the target tissue for the motor response.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

When a flexor muscle contracts, the joint angle decreases

Answer 40

True