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ASC 325 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a correct example of a physiological concept relating to the study of a mechanism?

A

Acid secretion in the stomach occurs when the parietal cells are activated
through both neural and hormonal stimuli

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2
Q

Which of the following organelles is the site of protein synthesis for proteins, such as hormones, that are secreted from the cell?

A

Ribosome

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3
Q

Which of the following is the major constituent of the animal cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid

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4
Q

Which of the following statements correctly identifies the difference between a channel and transporter

A

A transporter only sometimes requires ATP, whereas a channel never requires ATP

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5
Q

Which of the following is not an example of a cell receptor?

A

Voltage-gated

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6
Q

Which of the following correctly lists the key secretions in the non-ruminant stomach?

A

Hydrochloric acid, mucous, pepsinogen

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7
Q

What key role does bile play in the digestive process?

A

Makes dietary fat soluble so that it can interact with its digestive enzymes

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8
Q

If a bird had proventriculus that was not releasing adequate amounts of its secretions, the digestion of what nutrient would you expect to be the most impacted?

A

Protein

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9
Q

Which organ plays a critical role in water absorption in non-ruminants?

A

LI

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10
Q

The secretions of what organ are controlled entirely by hormones?

A

Gallbladder

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11
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events that occur during microbial fermentation of cellulose in the rumen?

A

Microbes release cellulase → cellulose digested into glucose → microbes absorb
glucose and metabolize glucose to volatile fatty acids → microbes release the volatile fatty acids, which can be absorbed via diffusion or transport by the rumen papillae

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12
Q

Which of the following is a role of saliva that is common between ruminants and non- ruminants?

A

Moistening and lubrication of the ingested feed

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13
Q

Unlike ruminants,hindgut fermenters, such as the horse, are able to absorb __________________, but not ____________________.

A

Glucose from starch, amino acids from microbial protein

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14
Q

Which of the following correctly identifies the key substrates AND end products of aerobic ATP synthesis

A

Glucose, fatty acids, volatile fatty acids and amino acids; CO2 and H2O

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15
Q

When comparing a cat and a horse, the _____________ would have a higher whole-
animal metabolic rate and the ______________ would have a higher weight-specific metabolic rate

A

Horse, cat

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16
Q

Which of the following is an example of a strategy to increase heat dissipation via convection?

A

On a hot day, your dog lies in front of a fan

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17
Q

Which of the following statements about core thermoreceptors is false?

A

Core thermoreceptors communicate information about the core body
temperature to the skin thermoreceptors in order to adjust the ‘set point’

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18
Q

In a typical animal cell, an increase in the number of open sodium channels on the cell
membrane will result in a(n) _______in the rate of sodium diffusion across the
membrane.

A

Increase

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19
Q

In order to buffer the acid entering the duodenum from the stomach, the pancreas releases
______from its duct cells.

A

Bicarbonate

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20
Q

. In non-ruminants, _______ is the primary retentive motility pattern, whereas
______is the primary propulsive motility pattern.

A

segmentation, peristalsis

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21
Q

In ruminants, ______is the process where partially digested feed from the rumen is
returned to the mouth for rechewing, whereas ______ is the process where the
gases produced during fermentation are expelled from the rumen.

A

rumination, eructation

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22
Q

The__________ of an animal is its rate of energy expenditure (consumption)
determined under the standardized conditions of fasting, and being at rest in a thermoneutral environment.

A

Basal metabolic rate

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23
Q

true of false: Physiology is the study of animal structure

A

False

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24
Q

true of false: In animals that conform to their external environment, if environmental temperature changes, then their body temperature will change as well

A

True

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25
Q

true of false: Enterokinase is an enzyme produced by the small intestine that is necessary for the activation of pepsinogen to pepsin

A

False

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26
Q

true of false: The majority of the proteolytic (protein degrading) enzymes released by the pancreas are released in an inactive form and must be converted to an active form in the small intestine

A

True

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27
Q

true of false: Microbial fermentation slows down when the most digested feed particles are mixed with the least digested feed particles

A

False

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28
Q

true of false: Glucose is the only nutrient that can be used to make ATP using both aerobic and anaerobic pathways

A

True

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29
Q

Triggers an increase in stomach acid secretion

A

Gastrin

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30
Q

Causes gallbladder contraction

A

CCK

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31
Q

Cause an inhibition of stomach acid secretion (select 2 hormones)

A

CCK and Secretin

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32
Q

Primary hormone causing pancreatic enzyme release

A

CCK

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33
Q

Primary hormone causing bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas and gallbladder

A

Secretin

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34
Q

Explain why the pancreas is considered an essential component of the digestive processes occurring in both ruminants and non-ruminants but is not considered to be a part of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Releases enzymes and bicarbonate of the small intestine but the digesta does not actually pass through the pancreas

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35
Q

Both starch and cellulose are polymers of the same molecule.

Explain how these two polymers differ structurally from each other

A

Glucose

Starch: α(1-4) linkages between glucose molecules Cellulose β(1- 4)linkages of glucose molecules

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36
Q

How does the digestion of starch and cellulose differ from each other in non-ruminant herbivores such as the horse

A

Starch: can be digested by the enzymes produced by the horse’s pancreas; primarily in small intestine
Cellulose: can only be digested with enzymes produced by the microbes; primarily in large intestine

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37
Q

Fiber

A

VFA is end product
LI are key organs for digestion
LI are key organs for absorption

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38
Q

Starch

A

Glucose is end product

Pancreas and SI are key organs for digestion

SI is key organ for absorption

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39
Q

Fat

A

Fatty acids are end product

Pancreas, Liver/gallbladder, and SI are key organs for digestion

SI is key organ for absorption

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40
Q

Protein

A

Amino acids are end product

Stomach, pancreas, and SI are organs for digestion

SI is key organ for absorption

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41
Q

What are the three organs that digest can go to from the reticulum?

A

Esophagus
Omasum
Rumen

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42
Q

What is the factor that determines where digesta goes?

A

Particle size

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43
Q

What happens to digesta in rumen?

A

Undergoes additional microbial fermentation

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44
Q

What happens to digesta in esophagus?

A

returns to the mouth via rumination for rechewing

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45
Q

What happens to digesta in omasum?

A

continues on to the omasum and the remainder of the ruminant GIT

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46
Q

Give an example of physiological mechanism that homeotherms apply to maintain core body temp. when its colder than their thermoneutral zones?

A

Shivering

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47
Q

Give an example of physiological mechanism that homeotherms apply to maintain core body temp. when its warmer than their thermoneutral zones?

A

Sweating, Panting or Gular fluttering

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48
Q

Give an example of physiological mechanism that homeotherms can do to maintain their core temp. as ambient temp. cools down within the thermoneutral zone?

A

Vasoconstriction

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49
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of how the body works and why

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50
Q

What is internal environment?

A

Conditions inside the animal’s body
Some control
ie: body temp., hydration, ion concentration, pH of blood

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51
Q

What is external environment?

A

Conditions outside the animal’s body or factors animals cant control
ie: temp. wind, humidity, light

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52
Q

What is regulation?

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment
Energetically costly, therefore it requires ATP

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53
Q

What is conformity?

A

Internal environment changes when external environment changes
Less energetically costly, therefore doesn’t require ATP

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54
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The tendency to maintain a constant internal environment

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55
Q

What are the 2 control systems of homeostasis?

A

Endocrine and Nervous system

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56
Q

What is plasma membrane?

A

Membrane that forms around animal cells that separates cells from each other

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57
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

A

2 layers of phospholipids interacting with each other

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58
Q

What is the negative area of a phospholipid?

A

Phosphate

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59
Q

What is the positive area of a phospholipid?

A

Alcohol

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60
Q

A phospholipid has 2________ tails and a _____ head

A

Non-polar fatty acid, polar

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61
Q

Saturated

A

No double bonds

Packed tightly

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62
Q

Unsaturated

A

Double bonds

keep from packing tightly

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63
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Not water soluble

*water hating

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64
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

Water soluble

*water loving

65
Q

The polar head faces what 2 directions?

A

Into the cell and extracellular fluid

66
Q

The non-polar tails face what direction?

A

The interior and cluster together

67
Q

What are the cell membrane components?

A

Phospholipids- form bilayer
Cholesterol- non-polar forms rigid structure
Protein
Glycolipids and glycoproteins- facing outside the cell, identifies/differentiates or cell recognition, receptors

68
Q

Structural properties of membrane proteins

A

Integral and peripheral

69
Q

What is integral property?

A

Go through the bilayer and can’t be separated from the membrane without destroying it

70
Q

What is peripheral property?

A

Associates with either intracellular or extracellular side of membrane and can’t be separated

71
Q

What is the structural function?

A

Allows for interaction between cells and defines cells shape

72
Q

What is transports function?

A

Movement of a solute across the plasma membrane

*solvent is usually H2O

73
Q

What is a solute?

A

A dissolved substance in intercellular or extracellular fluids
*includes the plasma of blood

74
Q

The plasma membrane is _______ permiable

A

Semi

75
Q

____solutes can cross plasma membrane easily

A

Non-polar

76
Q

What are some non-polar solutes?

A

CO2, O2, fatty acids (cholesterol), and vitamin A,D,E, and K

77
Q

What are some polar solutes?

A

Ions, H2O soluble vitamins (B,C), glucose, and amino acids

78
Q

What is membrane equilibrium?

A

Balance of competing forces(gradient) forces across the membrane

79
Q

What is a gradient?

A

The difference from one side of membrane to another

80
Q

What are the 3 types of gradients?

A

Concentration, charge, and pressure

81
Q

What is balance?

A

Forces drawing solute into the cell is equal to the forces pulling solute out of the cell

82
Q

What is an uncharged molecule?

A

Equilibrium happens when equal amounts of solute are in both sides of the membrane

83
Q

What are charged molecules?

A

Equilibrium when charge gradient and concentration gradient are in opposite directions
**Cl- and K+

84
Q

What are the conditions of an animal cell?

A

Inside is more negative than the outside
Plasma membrane is semi-permeable
Ions need channels or transporters to cross the membrane

85
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Towards equilibrium
No ATP needed
No proteins needed
Channels are polar

86
Q

What is passive/facilitated transport/diffusion?

A

Towards equilibrium
No ATP needed
Always requires a transporter

87
Q

What is active transport?

A

Away from equilibrium
ATP needed
Always requires a transporter

88
Q

What is a channel?

A

An integral membrane that forms a pore in membrane

It’s solute specific

89
Q

What is meant by solute specific?

A

Only certain solutes can go through

**K+, Na+, Cl-, Ca2+

90
Q

What does a gated channel mean?

A

It is sometimes open and sometimes closed

91
Q

What are the 4 categories of gated channels?

A

Voltage gated
Ligand gated
Phosphorylation gated
Stretch gated

92
Q

What is voltage gated?

A

Opens when there is a certain charge gradient

93
Q

What is ligand gated?

A

Opens when something other than the solute binds to it

94
Q

What is phosphorylation gated?

A

Opens/closes based on a phosphorylation status

95
Q

What is stretch gated?

A

Open/closes based on mechanical forces on membrane “pulled” open

96
Q

What is a transporter?

A

Integral membrane proteins
Always binds the solute
Max. capacity depends on the # of transporters

97
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

It goes with the gradient until equilibrium (high-> low)

98
Q

Two categories of active diffusion

A

Primary

Secondary

99
Q

What is primary diffusion?

A

Transporter itself uses ATP

100
Q

What is secondary diffusion?

A

Relies on gradient established by primary transporter

*almost always Na/K+ -ATPase

101
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across the membrane
Passive
Movement from high to low water concentration
infusing in solutions
NaCl and percentages

102
Q

How does water directly cross membranes?

A

Through aquaporins, which make osmosis faster

103
Q

Low osmolarity

A

Hypotonic or hypoosmotic

104
Q

High osmolarity

A

Hypertonic or hyperosmotic

105
Q

Water moves from ________ to _______

A

Hypotonic to hypertonic

106
Q

What does it mean for something to be isotonic?

A

Equal on both sides

107
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All of the reactions (chemical) happening in an animals body

108
Q

Anabolism

A

Builds reactions
Small molecules-> complex molecules
(muscle growth, bone formation, fat storage)

109
Q

Catabolism

A

Destructive reactions
Complex molecules->small molecules
(digestion,energy production)

110
Q

What does it mean to catalyze?

A

Accelerates speed without the enzyme help

111
Q

What is short-term regulation?

A 
Seconds-> minutes
Highly reversible 
Works with pre-existing enzyme 
Makes it more or less active 
ei: phosphorylation
112
Q

What is long-term regulation?

A

Hours-> days
Change the amount of enzyme present
Takes time to make new enzyme and break down existing enzymes
ei: DNA->RNA->protein

113
Q

What is cell signaling?

A

A way cells communicate with each other
Coordinates metabolism across the body
“Signals” neurotransmitters and hormones

114
Q

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

A

Physiology is the study of animal function and anatomy is the study of animal form

115
Q

The tendency of an animal to maintain a constant internal environment

A

Homeostasis

116
Q

This part of the cell is necessary for the aerobic production of ATP (cellular energy)

A

Mitochondria

117
Q

What is the arrangement of phospholipids to form the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids form a bilayer with the heads point towards the extracellular and intracellular fluid and the tails pointing towards the center of the membrane

118
Q

true of false: Plasma membranes are reversible, meaning the identical molecules are present on the intracellular side as on the extracellular side.

A

False

119
Q

A solute that can easily cross the plasma membrane, without requiring a channel or transporter?

A

Fatty acid

120
Q

An animals charge gradient flows from _____ ions towards a ____charge

A

positive, negative

121
Q

Define an electrochemical equilibrium

A

When the concentration and charge gradients for a given ion are approximately equal, but in opposite directions

122
Q

In a normal animal cell at rest, what ions are close to electrochemical equilibrium?

A

Potassium and Chloride

123
Q

What is a major difference between a channel and a transporter?

A

A transporter binds to the solute, whereas the channel does not bind to its solute

124
Q

What type of gated channel opens in response to a change in charge gradient across the plasma membrane?

A

Voltage-gated

125
Q

true of false: In primary active transport, the transport protein directly uses ATP

A

True

126
Q

What are the macronutrients

A

Carbs
Fats
Proteins

127
Q

In a chicken, the end-product(s) of starch digestion is/are _____________.

A

Glucose

128
Q

In pigs, the end product(s) of lipid digestion is/are primarily _____________.

A

FA

129
Q

In mammals and birds, cellulose is digested _____________ and results in _______________ as the end-product(s) that is available for absorptio

A

microbially, VFA’s

130
Q

Soybean meal is an important source of _________ in the diets of chickens and pigs. The digestive end product of this nutrient is _________.

A

Protein, AA

131
Q

true of false: Enzymes are uniformly distributed across tissues.

A

False

132
Q

true of false: Some examples of secondary messengers are hormones and neurotransmitters.

A

False

133
Q

In which segment of the gastrointestinal tract do we see the most variation in the organs present when comparing different classes of domestic animals (ie. birds vs. ruminants vs. non-ruminants)?

A

Foregut

134
Q

true of false: Digesta may pass through the accessory organs if needed

A

False

135
Q

Facts about accessory organs

A

They are the salivary glands, pancreas and liver/gallbladder

Contribute secretions to the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract that are necessary for optimal digestion

Accessory organs are not part of the continuous tube between the animals mouth and anus (or cloaca in birds)

136
Q

Facts about mastication

A

Results in a reduction in particle size

Results in bolus formation

In mammals, the shape of the molars (cheek teeth) determine how the animal is able to chew its feed

137
Q

What are the three portions included in the serous portion of saliva?

A

Digestive enzymes
Ions
Water

138
Q

Salivary amylase (is or is not) in the saliva of all non-ruminant animals

A

Is not

139
Q

Which regulatory system controls the process of salivation?

A

Nervous system only

140
Q

What is the name of the structure that ensures that digesta does not enter the airways during swallowing in mammals?

A

Epiglottis

141
Q

true of false: In most mammalian species, the non-glandular region makes up the majority of the stomach and is responsible for acid, enzyme and mucus secretion.

A

False

142
Q

In which component of the avian (bird) foregut is the gastric secretion released?

A

Proventriculus

143
Q

Role of HCl in gastric secretion

A

Activates pepsinogen to pepsin

Unfolds protein chains

Ensures both the digesta and pepsinogen are in the form needed for the digestive processes in the stomach

144
Q

What is the role of the bicarbonate in the pancreatic secretion?

A

Neutralizes the digesta pH

145
Q

Pancreatic secretion regulations

A

Stomach distension triggers pancreatic secretion

The hormone CCK increases the release of enzymes into the pancreatic secretion

The hormone secretin increases the release of bicarbonate into the pancreatic secretion

146
Q

What enzyme is needed to start the activation of the pancreatic zymogens and where is it located?

A

Enterokinase, brush border enzyme

147
Q

The the process of starch digestion in the small intestine

A

Amylase released from the pancreas cleaves starch into 2-3 units of glucose; the brush border enzyme, maltase, then cleaves these in single units of glucose

148
Q

In animals with a gallbladder, the release of what hormone increases bile secretion by relaxing the Sphincter of Oddi and causing the gallbladder to contract?

A

CCK

149
Q

The enterocytes in the small intestine are arranged to form __________, which increases the surface area available for brush border (membrane-bound) enzymes and for absorption to occur.

A

Villi

150
Q

The process of absorbing glucose from the gastrointestinal lumen

A

Transport across the apical membrane into the enterocyte, and then transport across the basolateral membrane into the portal vein

151
Q

Major processes occurring in the LI

A

Absorption of H2O
Microbial fermentation
Storage of the feces prior to defecation

152
Q

In the intestinal wall, when the circular muscles contract, the intestinal circumference gets _______________ and when the longitudinal muscles contract the intestinal length gets _______________.

A

smaller, shorter

153
Q

What is the purpose of peristalsis?

A

To move digesta along the length of the gastrointestinal tract

154
Q

The major motility patterns in the small intestine during digestion

A

Peristalsis and segmentation

155
Q

Which of the following is a unique feature of ruminant saliva?

A

Contains high amounts of HCO3-

156
Q

What is the process of cellulose digestion in a ruminant?

A

Certain ruminant microbes produce cellulase, cellulose is digested to glucose with the microbe then uses as an energy source; volatile fatty acids are made as a byproduct and released back into the rumen contents

157
Q

true of false: The proportions of the various different volatile fatty acids produced in the rumen is influenced by the animal’s diet composition.

A

True

158
Q

What is poikilotherms?

A

Body temp. changes with environment temperature

cold-blooded

159
Q

What is homeotherms?

A

Maintain constant body temp. using physiological means

ASC 325 (2 decks)

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