final exam concepts/terms: respiration Flashcards
what are the 3 functions of respiration?
ventilation, gas exchange, 02 utilization (cellular respiration)
what 3 important functions do the conducting zone accomplish?
warms inspired air, humidifies inspired air, mucus lining filters and cleans inspired air
what type of cells line the alveolar sac, which one secretes surfactant?
type I alveolar cells
type II alveolar cells (secretes surfactant)
anatomy of pleural linings and spaces
intrapleural space: thing fluid layer between
visceral pleura: covering lungs
parietal pleura: lining thoracic cavity walls
compliance, elasticity, surface tension, surfactant
compliance: The ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand when pressure is applied. Higher compliance means the lungs are easier to expand
elasticity: The tendency of the lungs to return to their original size after being stretched. It helps with passive expiration
surface tension: The force exerted by fluid molecules at the surface of the alveoli that tends to make them collapse.
Surfactant: reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse, particularly during exhalation
Boyle’s Law
P1V1 = P2V2; important to breathing because when the volume of thoracic cavity increases during inhalation, the pressure decreases causing air to flow into lungs
LaPlace’s Law
P = 2 x T / r; when the pressure inside a sphere is proportional to the surface tension and inversely proportional to the radius (P = 2T/r).
pneumothorax
A pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural cavity, causing the lung to collapse.
lung volumes
Tidal Volume (TV): The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath (~500 mL).
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration (~3,000 mL).
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation (~1,200 mL).
Residual Volume (RV): The air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation (~1,200 mL).
Vital Capacity (VC): The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation (TV + IRV + ERV).
Total Lung Capacity (TLC): The total volume of the lungs, including all volumes (VC + RV).
test for pulmonary diseases
FEV1, forced expiratory volume to measure the rate of expiration
partial pressures of O2 and CO2
Alveolar air (O₂): 100 mmHg, CO₂: 40 mmHg.
Pulmonary arteries (O₂): 40 mmHg, CO₂: 45 mmHg.
Systemic arteries (O₂): 95–100 mmHg, CO₂: 40 mmHg.
Systemic veins (O₂): 40 mmHg, CO₂: 45 mmHg.
Tissues (O₂): Lower than systemic veins, depending on metabolic activity, CO₂: Higher than systemic veins due to cellular respiration.
3 forms in which CO2 is transported in the blood?
Bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻): The major form (~70% of CO₂ is transported as bicarbonate ions).
Carbaminohemoglobin: CO₂ bound to hemoglobin (~20%).
Dissolved CO₂: A small percentage (~10%) is dissolved directly in plasma.
ventilation
the process of moving air into and out of the lungs
conducting zone
the part of the respiratory system that moves air into and out of the lungs
trachea
a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe
bronchus
the narrowest airways in the lungs, where air is delivered to the areas where gas exchange takes place
alveolar sac
pocket-like structures in the lungs that contain clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli
type 1 alveolar cells
flat, thin cells that primarily function for gas exchange in the lungs
Type 2 Alveolar cells
cuboidal cells that produce and secrete surfactant
diaphragm
a muscle that helps you breathe. It sits under your lungs and separates your chest cavity from your abdomen
External/Internal Intercostals
two layers of muscles that fill the spaces between the ribs and are important for breathing
Thoracic Cavity
the space in the chest that contains vital organs, blood vessels, and nerves
Peritoneal Cavity
a fluid-filled space within the abdomen that contains the stomach, intestines, and liver
