Final Exam: Chapters 12+13 Flashcards
For gravity: F= ?
G= ?
F= (G) m1m2/R2
G= 6.67 x10-11
m1= 1000kg
m2= 1000kg
Distance= 5m
What is the force between the 2 cars with the law of gravity?
G= (m1)(m2)/R2
G= (6.67E-11)(1000)(1000)/(52)
G= 2.67 x10-6N OR 2.67uN
Is light affected by gravity?
Yes, because light bends around objects. It actually deals with 4-Dimensions.
F= (G) (m1xm2)/R2
Only Answer This One:
Find the force of gravity between the Earth and Moon.
F= (G) (mmoon X MEarth)/ (R2)
Earth and Sun:
Just Practice: F= (G)(mEarthxMSun)/(R2)
Earth and One
F= (6.67E--11)(7.36E22)(5.98E24)/(385,000,000)2
F= 1.98E20N
Tidal forces are bigger between the Earth and the Sun in order to keep the Earth in orbit.
How did we get 9.81 as the acceleration for gravity?
F= (G)(m1M2)/(R2)
mg= (G) (m1M2)/(R2) (small m’s cancel)
g= (G) (M2)/(R2)
Turns Into:
g= GM/R2 (cause little m’s canceled out)
G= 6.67E-11
M= 5.98E24
m= Doesn’t Matter (Cancels)
R= 6,378,000
g = (6.67E-11)(5.98E24)/ (6,378,0002)
g= 9.85 m/sec2
(Depends where you are on the Earth)
g= 9.8 m/sec2
If a person standing on the equater weigh less than someone who is somewhere else on the Earth?
Person: (G)(mM)/(R2)
Fc= (m)(v2)/(R)
FG= (G)(mM)/(R2)
Apparent Weight:
Apparent Weight= [(G)(mM)/(R2)] - [(m)(v2)/(R)]
V= D/T
V= (40,000m/86,164sec)
V= 464.23 m/s
[(6.67E-11)(80)(5.98E24)/(6,3782)] - [(80)(464.232)/(6,378)]
784.4- 2.7
Apparent Weight= 781.7 Newtons
Percent Difference: (2.7/784.4) X 100% = 0.34% less at the Equater
Acceleration between a Satellite and the Earth?
Satellite: 1000kg
Satellite height from Earth: 500,000m
F= G(mM)/(R2)
F= ma
F= (G)(mM)/(REarth+RSatellte)2
ma= (G)(mM)/(REarth + RSatellite)2
a= (G)(M)/(REarth + RSatellite2)
a= (6.67E-11)(5.98E24)/ (6,378,000+ 500,000)2
a= 8.43 m/s2
Find M
ac= 2.03 m/sec2
R= 250,000,000m
ac= (m)(v2)/(R)
F= (G) (mM)/(R2)
F= mac
(G)(mM)/(R2)= mac (little mass cancels)
(G)(M)/(R2)= ac
Find the Mass (M)
M= (ac)(R2)/(G)
M= (2.03)(250,000,000)2/(6.67E-11)
M= 1.90x1027kg
^Mass of Jupitor!
How to Find the Mass of the Earth:
a= g= 9.81m/sec2
G= 6.67E11
Distance: 6,378m
Fg=FG
mg= (G)(mM)/(R)2 (small masses cancel)
M= (g)(R2)/(G)
M= (9.81)(6,3782)/(6.67E-11)
Density= M/V
p=M/V
M= 5.98E24kg
p= M/V
Density is higher in the middle of an object
Finding the Density of the Earth
Finding Big M and putting it in the Density Equation of a SPHERE
a=g= 9.81m/sec2
Density= Mass/Volume
p= m/v
FG=Fg
mg= (G)(mM)/(R2) (small masses cancel)
M=
mg= (G)(mM)/(R2) (small masses cancel)
M= (g)(R2) / (G)
M= (9.81)(6,3782)/(6.67E-11)
M= 5.98E24
p= M/V
Volume of a Sphere: (4/3)π(R3)
p= 5.98E24/ (4/3)π(6,3783)
p= 5,500 kg/m3
Keppler’s First Law:
R1+R2 = 2a
(2a: Semi-major axis)
(2b: Semi-minor axis)
R=R1=R2
R1+R2=2a
2R=2a
R=a
a2+b2= c2

Eccentricity of a Planet’s Orbit
Eccentricity (e) = c/a
Rp= 147,098,000m
RA= 152,098,000m
e= Ra-Rp/ Ra+Rp
e= 152,098,000 - 147,098,000 / (152,098,000 + 147,098,000)
e= 0.0167
e= Ra-Rp/ Ra+Rp
e= 152,098,000 - 147,098,000 / (152,098,000 + 147,098,000)
e= 0.0167
Rp+Ra=2a
<span>R</span>p= a-c
Ra= a+c
e= Ra-Ra/ Ra+Rp
e= [a+c] - [a-c] / [a+c] + [a-c]
e= 2c/2a
e=c/a

Keppler’s Second Law:
L= r x mv = mr x v
Torque: L/T = 0
Torque= rFsinØ = rFsin(180º) = 0

Kepplers 3rd Law:
T2= R2
FG= Fc
(G)(mM)/(R2) = mv2/R (small masses cancel and 1 R)
V2= (G)(M) / (R)
V= Distance/Time
v2= e= Ra-Rp/ Ra+Rp
V= D/T
v= 2πR/T
v2= 4π2R2/T2
4π2R2/T2 = (G)(M) / (R)

How To Find Orbital Velocity:
FG= Fc
(G)(mM) / (R2) = mv2 / (R) (small mass cancels)
v= sqrt[(G)(M)/(R)]
v= sqrt[(6.67E-11)(5.98E24) / (6,378,000)]
v= 7,908 m/s
Vorbit= sqrt (G)(M)/ REarth + h)
Vorbit= sqrt[(6.67E-11)(5.98E24) / (6,378,000)]
v= 7,615 m/sec
v= Distance/Time
Time= Distance/Velocity
Time = 2π(REarth +h)/ (v)
= 2π(6,876,000m) / (7,615 m/sec)
= 5,675 sec
Orbital Velocity: Find the distance
Vorbit= sqrt[ (G)(M) / (REarth + h)
V= Distance/Time
v= 2πR / T
[2π(Rh + h)2/T2] = [(G)(M)/ REarth + h]
[4π2R2/ T2] = [(G)(M) / (R)]
R3= [GMT2/ 4π2]
R= sqrt3 [GMT2/ 4π2]
R= sqrt3 [(6.67E-11)(5.98E24)(86,164sec)2/ 4π2]
R= 43, 172km or 26,210m/s

Gravitational Potential Energy:
PE= mgh
W= Fd
W= GmM/R1 - 0
PEGravity at R1= [(6.67E-11)(1000)(5.98E24)/ 6,378,000]
PEGavity= 6.25E10J

Just review
Kinetic and Potential Energy In Orbit
Etotal= PE + KE (potential energy is usually negative)
Etotal= [-(G)(M)(m) / (REarth + RSatellite)] + [(1/2)(m)(GM/R)]
PE: [-(6.67E-11)(1000)(5.98E24) / (6,378,000 + 500,000)
PE= -5.8E10J
KE= (1/2)(m)(v2)
KEOrbit= (1/2)(m)(GM/R)
KEOrbit= 2.9E10
Etotal= KE - PE
Etotal= (2.9E10+ (-5.8E10)
ETotal= -2.9E10J


Just Review

Review
Ceres, the largest asteroid known, has a mass of roughly 8.7E20kg. If Ceres passes within 14,000,000m of the spaceship in which you are traveling, what force does it exert on you?
Mass of spaceship: 70kg
F= (G)(mM)/(R2)
F= (6.67E-11)(8.7E20)(70kg)/ (14E62)
F= 0.0207
At what altitude above the Earth’s surface is the acceleration due to gravity equal to (g/2)?
When a space station satellite is at a certain height from the Earth:
[GMEarth / (REarth + h)2] = [(1/2)(GmSatellite) / (R2)]
(REarth + h)2 = 2R2Satellite
h= ((sqrt2) - 1)REarth = ((sqrt2) - 1)(6.67E6)
h= 2.64E6m
The acceleration due to gravity on the Moon’s surface is known to be about (1/6) the acceleration due to gravity on the Earth. Given that the radius of the Moon is roughly (1/4) that of the Earth, find the mass of the Moon in terms of the mass of the Earth.

Two Satellites orbit the Earth, with satellite 1 at a greater altitude than satellite 2. A.) Which satellite has the greater orbital speed? B.) Calculate the orbital speed of a satellite that orbits at an altitude of one Earth radius above the surface of the Earth. C.) Calculate the orbital speed of a satellite that orbits at an altitude of two Earth radii above the surface of the Earth.

Find the minimum KE needed for a 39,000kg rocket to escape A.) At the moon or B.) The Earth.

Suppose one of the Global Positioning System satellites has a speed of 4.46m/sec at perigee and a speed of 3.64km/sec at apogee. If the distance from the center of the Earth to the Satellite at perigee is 2.00E4km, what is the corresponding distance apogee?

If a projectile is launched vertically from the Earth with a speed equal to the escape speed, how high above the Earth’s surface is it when it’s speed is half the escape speed?

EOcillation= PE + KE
Translates to…
Find the velocity formula
Find the acceleration formula

(1/2)ka2 = (1/2)kx2 + (1/2)mv2 (the 1/2 cancels)
ka2 = kx2 + mv2
v2= (ka2- kx2) / (m) (can factor out k)
v = sqrt(k(a2-x2)) / (m))
Finding acceleration:
F= -kx
F=ma
-kx = ma
a= (-kx) / (m)
Simple Harmonic Motion in Terms of Time
X as a function of time?
V as a function of time?
a as a function of time?
X = Acos (wt + Ø)
Compressed: X = -a
Stretched: X= a
Ø= wt
At position t= 0 (then Ø cancels)
X= Acos (wt+Ø)
X as a Function of time: X(t)= Acos (wt)
V as a function of time: V(t)= -Awsin(wt)
a as a function of time: a(t)= -Aw2cos(wt)
[w= sqrt(k/m)] > [w2= k/m]
V at equillibrium point?
V at x= 10cm?
V at x=5cm?
a at x=5cm?
Info:
k= 1500
A= 0.10m
m= 4.2kg
E0=Ef
(1/2)kA2= (1/2)kx2+(1/2)mv2

mv2= kA2- kx2
V2= (k/m) [A2-x2)
V= sqrt[(k/m)(A2-X2)] (x becomes 0)
Part A:
v(x=0) = sqrt [(k/m)(A2)]
V= sqrt [(1500/2.4)(0.12)]
Part A: V(x=0)= +/- 1.89 m/sec
Part B: V(x=0.1)= 0 (At max elongation 0.1)
Part C:
V(x=0.5)= +/-sqrt [(k/m)(A2- (0.052)]
= +/-sqrt[(1500/4.2)(0.12)-(0.052)]
V= +/- 1.64 m/sec
Part D:
F= -kx F= ma
-kx=ma
a= -kx/m
a= [(-1500)(0.05)/(4.2)]
a= -17.86m/sec2

A.) Find the total energy
B.) Find the maximum Amplitude
C.) Find the VMax
K= 300N/M
m= 0.15kg\V= 0.30 m/sec
x= 0.012m

Part A: Total Energy
ETotal= PE + KE
ETotal= (1/2)kx2+ (1/2)(m)(v2)
ETotal= (1/2)(300)(0.0122) + (1/2)(0.15)(0.32)
ETotal= 0.02835J (Anywhere along the ocillation)
Part B: Amplitude
V= sqrt [(k/m)(A2-x2)]
V2= [(k/m)(A2-x2)]
(V2m/k)= A2-x2
A= sqrt [(V2m/k)+(x2)]
A= sqrt[(0.32x0.15/(300)) +(0.0122)]
Amplitude= 0.0137m
Part C:
Vmax= When X=0
Vmax= sqrt[(k/m)(A2-02)]
Vmax= sqrt[(300/0.15)(0.01372)]
Vmax= 0.61m/sec
A.) What is t when x=-5cm?
B.) What is t when x= 2cm?
C.) What is V when t= 1 sec
D.) What is a when t=0.15
Info:
A= 5cm
f= 20Hz
t= 1/f > t= 1/20hz
t= 0.0375 sec

Part A:
t(x=5cm)= (3/4)T
t(x=5cm)= (3/4)(0.05sec)
t(x=-5cm)= 0.0375sec
Part B:
x(t)= Acoswt (can’t use when t=0)
x(t)= Asinwt (when t=0 so USE THIS ONE)
wt= sin-1(x/A)
t= (1/w)sin-1(x/A)
w= 2πf
t= (1/(2π x 20Hz))sin-1(2/5)
t= 0.00327sec
Part C:
V(t=1sec)= Awcoswt
v(t=1sec)= (.05)(2π)(20Hz) cos[(2π)(20Hz)(1sec)
V(t=1 sec)= 6.28 m/sec
Part D:
a= -Aw2sinwt
a(t=0.15)= (0.05)(2π2)(202)
a(t=0.15)= 0.00327
A person in a rocking chair completes 12 cycles in 21 seconds. What is the period and frequency of the rocking?
T= (t/n)
f= (1/T)
Part A: Period
T= (t/n)
T= (21sec/12cycles)
T= 1.75sec
Part B: Frequency
f= (1/T)
f= (1/1.75sec)
f= 0.57Hz
The position of a mass ocillating on a spring is given by x=(3.2cm)cos(2πt / (0.58sec). A.) What is the period of the motion? B.) What is the first time the mass is at the position x=0?
T= 0.58 sec
x= (3.2cm)
Given: cos(2πt / (0.58sec)
cos[(2π/T)(t)] = cos [(2π/0.58)(t)]
(A cosine function is zero at (1/4) and (3/4) of a period)
t= (1/4)(0.58sec)
t= 0.15sec

A mass oscillates on a spring with a period of 0.73 sec and an amplitude of 5.4cm. Write an equation giving x as a function of time, assuming the mass starts at x= A at time t=0
A= 5.4cm
w= (2π/T) = (2π/0.73sec)
w= 8.6 rad/sec
x= Acosw
x= (5.4)cos(8.6)t
An object executing simple harmonic motion has a maximum speed Vmax and a maximum acceleration amax . Find a.) the amplitude and b.) the period of this motion. Express answers in vmax and amax.
Vmax= Aw
amax= Aw2
A= (Aw)2/ (Aw)2
A= (amax/vmax)
T= (2π/w)
T= (2π) / (amax/vmax)
T= 2πvmax / amax
A 0.46kg mass attached to a spring undergoes simple harmonic motion with a period of 0.77 s. What is the force constant of the spring?

A 0.40kg mass attached to a spring with a force contant of 26 N/m and released from rest a distance of 3.2cm from the equillibrium position of the spring. a.) Give the strategy that allows you to find the speed of the mass when it is halfway to the equilibrium position. b.) Use your strategy to find this speed.

What is the maximum speed of the mass in the previous problem? How far is the mass from the equillibrium position when its speed is half the maximum speed?

A simple pendulum of length 2.5m makes 5.0 complete swings in 16 seconds. What is the acce;eration of gravity at the location of the pendulum?

Suspended from the ceiling of an elevator is a simple pedulum length of L. What is the period of the pendulum is the elevator a.) accelerates upward with an acceleration or b.) accelerates downward with an accaeleration whose magnitude is greater than zero, but less than g? Give your answer in terms of I,g, and a.
