Final Exam Chapter 7 Flashcards
Where is masticatory mucosa found
Gingiva and hard pallate
What is the surface epithelium of the masticatory mucosa
Keritinized or parakeritinized stratified squamos epithelium
What do superficial cells of parakeritinized stratified squamos epithelium keep
Their nuclei
What are the 2 parts of the lamina propria for oral mucosa
Papillary layer and reticular layer
What type of connective tissues are located in the lamina propria
Papillary later = thick loose ct, reticular layer = more dense ct
What does the papillary layer of the lamina propria contain
Blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, some Meissner’s corpuscles
Where is lining mucosa found
On soft palate, underside of tongue, floor of mouth, cheeks, and lips
What is the surface eptihelium of the lining mucosa
Generally nonkeritinized stratified squamos epithelium, occasionally parakeratinized stratified squamos epi.
What is the surface epithelium of the lips/vermillion border
Keratinized stratified squamos epi
What is the difference between the areas of non keratinized and keratinized within the lining mucosa
Areas of nonkeratinized stratified squamos epi is thicker than the areas of keratinized stratified squamos epi
What is the lamina propria like for the lining mucosa
Loose ct with blood vessels
What type of CT is the submucosa made of in the lining mucosa and what can they contain
More dense CT, can have minor salivary glands,sabaecceous glands (corner) larger blood vessels and nerves too
What are the three types of oral mucosa
Masticatory mucosa, lining mucosa, specialized mucosa
Where is specialized mucosa found
On dorsal surface of tongue
What is the surface epithelium of the specialized mucosa
- Keratinized strat. Squamos on filiform papillae
2. Strat squamos on all other papillae
What are 2 functions of specialized mucosa
Move food and taste
What is the thickness of the tongues mucosa like
Thicker dorsally, thinner and smoother posteriorly
What type of glands are associated with the vallate papillae of the tongue
Small salivary (von Ebner) glands
What do small salivary (von Ebner) glands do
Produce serous fluid to cleanse the taste buds on the vallate papillae
Where are taste buds located
On all papillae except filiform papillae
What is the lamina propria like in the mucosa of the tongue
Loos ct, adipose possible
What does the submucosa of the tongue contain
Lingual salivary glands to produce prodcuts like major salivary glands
What is special about intrinsic tongue muscle
No external attachement
What is the arrangement of the intrinsic tongue muscles
Dorsal to post
- superior longitudinal muscle
- vertical muscles alternating with transverse muscles
- inferior longitudinal muscle
What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Change tongue shape
What are the ameloblasts of the teeth
Polarized columnar cells that lose following tooth eruption
What is the function of ameloblasts
Produce enamel
What is the enamel of the teeth like
Hardest substance in the body made of interlinked enamel rods that cannot move after tooth eruption
What is the dentin of the tooth like
Harder than bone, contains thin dentinal tubules containing nerves and cell processes of odontoblasts
What is predentin of the tooth like
Precursor to dentin before mineralization
What are odontoblasts of the tooth like
Columnar cells lining pulp cavity surviving in adults
What is the function of the odontoblasts
Repair and produce dentin/ maintain dentists
Where is dental pulp located and what is it
Ct with many blood vessels and nerves in dental papilla
What is the potential problem of dental papilla
Extensive inflammation
What are the 3 types of salivary glands
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Which gland is the largest salivary gland
The parotid gland but it produces 30% of total salivary output
What sickness affects the parotid gland most
Mumps, the facial nerve passes through
Which gland is 100% serous producing
Parotid gland
What 3 products are produced by the parotid gland
- Salivary amylose and lipase
- Lysozome (antimicrobial)
- Secretory IgA (immunity)
How large is the submandibular gland
It is a smaller gland but produces 60% of total salivary output
Is the submandibular gland serous producing
Yes! Has serous demilumes
What is the size of the sublingual gland
Smallest gland producing 5% of total salivary ouput
All serous products of sublingual glands come from where
Serous demilunes = no separate serous acini
How is saliva secretion stimulated
By autonomic efferent impulses
What will parasympathetic impulses do in saliva secretion
Increase the amount of watery secretion
What will sympathetic impulses do in saliva secretion
They will result in decreased amount of saliva with a thicker consistency this results in dryer oral cavity
What are 3 things within the luminal wall mucosa
Surface epithelium, lamina propria (loose ct), muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)
What part of the luminal wall contains dense ct, larger blood vessels, and submucosal (Meissner) plexus
The submucosa
What is the function of the submucosa within the luminal wall
Influence mucosa
What is the fiber orientation of the muscularis externa within the luminal wall
Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers (normal pattern)
What part of the luminal wall structure contains myenteric (Auerbach) plexus and typically is smooth muscle
Muscularis externa
What is the function of the muscularis external of the luminal wall
Influence myenteric plexus
What is next to the muscularis externa of the luminal wall?
Serosa or adventitia
Which one serosa or adventitia has ct
Adventitia
Does serosa or adventita have and edge of simple squamos epithelium that is serous producing
Serosa
What is the function of the esophagus
Transfer bolus to stomach from the oropharynx
What is the surface epithleium of the mucosa of esophagous
Stratified squamos = needed b/c of friction
What part of the esophagus contains langerhans cells and what do they do?
The surface epithelium of mucosa that is an APC with some phagocytosis possible
What type of connective tissue is with the mucosa of the esophagus
Loos areolar ct
Where can esophageal cardiac glands be found
In the lamina propria of the esophagus near the stomach, and pharynx for an inch
What is the function of esophageal cardiac glands
Produce neutral mucus to protect esophageal epithelium
What layer of the mucosa of the esophagus is a discontinuous layer of the longitudinal muscle
Muscularis mucosae
What is the thickness like for muscularis mucosae of the esophagus
Thinner distally by the pharynx and thicker proximally by the stomach
What type of ct is in the submucosa of the esophagus
Dense fibroelastic ct
Where are esophageal proper glands found
Within the submucosa of the esophagus scatter along its length
What do esophageal proper glands do
Produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food
How do parasympthetics work in the gut
Stimulate peristalsis, inhibits sphincters and activates secretion
How do sympathetics work in the gut
Inhibits peristalsis and contracts sphincters and controls blood flow to gut
What part of the esophagus is unique
The muscularis externis
What is the layout of muscle in the muscularis externa portion of the esophagus
Upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle, middle 1/3 = smooth and skeletal, lower 1/3 = all smooth muscle
Is the esophagus made up of primarily adventitia or serosa
Primarily adventitia except the last 1-2 inches = last 1-2 after diaphargm = serosa
What are the two spincters associate with esophagus
Pharyngoesophageal and gastrophageal
Which esophageal sphincter deals with acid refulx that can lead to esophageal cancer
The lower gastroesophageal sphincter
Where are the 2 sphincters of the esophagus located
Pharyngoesophageal = b/w oropharynx and esophagus, gastroesophageal = b/w esophagus and stomach
What are 2 characteristics of physiological sphincters
No thickening of circular muscles in muscularis externus, pressure gradient aids movement (contraction + gravity)
What are 3 funcitons of the stomach in list of priority
Storage, nutrient breakdown, continuing digestion of carbs
What are gastric pits
Tiny depressions in the stomach’s surface; 1 pit leads to more than one gland
What is the surface epithethelium of the mucosa of the stomach
Simple columnar
What cells produce thick visable mucus and secrete bicarbonate ions and where are they located
Surface mucous (=surface lining) located in surface epithelium of mucosa of stomach
What are the bases of pits within the surface epithelium of stomach
Regenerative cells
What does the lamina propria contain in the mucosa of the stomach
Loose, vascular ct present in small amounts between glands
What are the 3 layers of the muscularis mucosae in the mucosa of the stomach
Inner circular, outer longitudinal, outermost circular/oblique
Which layer of the stomach is highly vascular and is the location of arteriovenous anastomosis
The submucosa
What is the function of ava (arteriovenous anastomosis)
To shut down activity and secretion fast
What type of plexus is in the submucosa of the stomach
Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus which is next to the inner circular layer of muscle
What is the function of the submucosal plexus of the stomach
To influence the mucosa - ie secretion blood flow any limited contraction
What 3 layers are possible in the muscularis externa within the stomach
Innermost oblique (sometimes), middle circular (well developed), outer longitudinal (thin)
What type of plexus is located within the muscularis externa of the stomach, its location and function
Myenteric (auerbach) plexus = between circular and longitudinal layer of ms, funx = stimulate muscularis externa
Where is serosa located in the stomach
All layers
What are 3 regions of stomach
Cardiac, gastric (fundus and body), pyloric
Which region of the stomach contains shorter pits leading to glands with coiled base and has primarily surface mucous cells, neck, and few DNES/parietal cells but NO cheif cells
The cardiac region
Which region of the stomach is the smallest and obtains much mucus
Cardiace
What are 3 regions of gastric glands
Isthmus, DNES cells and Neck cells
What do surface mucous of isthmus cells do
Produce thick visavle mucus to trap bicarbonate ions
What gastric gland cell protects mucosa from autodigestion and the rougher components of chyme
Surface mucous of Isthmus cells
What is another name for DNES cells in the stomach
Enteroendocrine cells
What do DNES cells in the stomach produce
Somatostatin (inhibit HCL release and nearby DNES), serotonin/substance P increasing motility, gastrin stimulating HCL and pepsinogen, and regenerative cells
What cells are neck cells of the stomach
Neck mucous cells, regenerative cells, parietal cells
What cells produce a soluble, less alkaline, mucus to lubricate gastric components
Neck mucous cells in stomach
Whatt cells are odd columnar cells with intracellular canaliculi
Parietal cells of neck cells in stomach
What do parietal cells in the somach produce
Strong HCL and gastric intrinsic factor
How can chronic gastritis lead to pernicious anemia
Low # of parietal cells can lead to low amounts of gastric intrinsic factor that will decrease vitamin B12 absorption necessary for RBC maturation
What cells are base cells in the stomach
Chief, parietal, DNES
What do cheif cells produce
Primarily pepsinogen, and some gastric lipase
What cells are in the pyloric region of the stomach
Surface mucous, DNES, parietal, neck mucous
What is the anatomical sphinctr between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
What are the 2 characteristics of an anatomical sphincter
- Well develped inner circular layer of muscle in ME
2. Inner circular layer in ME can independently be controled
What are the 3 general funx of small intestine
Digestion, absorb nutrients, produce intestinal hormones - using DNES cells
What 3 things increase surface area of the small intestine
Plicae circulares, villi, microvilli
What is the surface epithelium of the mucosa in the intestinal wall made of
Simple columnar
What are the 6 cell types of the mucosa in the intestines
Surface absorptive, goblet, DNES, regenerative, paneth, M cells,
What are the surface absorptive cells in the intestinal mucosa
Enterocytes containing microvilli
What are the functions of the enterocytes
Abosrb water/nutrients, terminal digestion in glycocalyx (monosaccharides and peptides
What are the 2 general causes of peptic ulcer disease
Insufficient protection from HCL and pepsin, and helicobacter pylori
Where are the most goblet cells located in the intestinal mucosa
Fewest in duodenum and most in ileum
What do the DNES cells produce in the intestinal mucosa
I = CCK stimulating gallbladder contraction and secretion of enzymes, K= GIP inhibiting HCL, S= secretin stimulating pancreas secretion of bicarbonate and inhibit HCL release, and movement of chyme into SI
Where are regenerative cells located in the intestinal mucosa
Found in crypts
Which cells of the intestinal mucosa are found on the base of crypts and produce lysozymes
Paneth cells
Where are m cells of the intestinal mucosa foun
Ileum epithelium over peyer’s patches
What do m cells do
Promote humoral immunity
What is the lamina propria of the intestines made of
Loos areolar CT
Where is the intestinal lamina propria found and what does it border
Found in villus core, borders intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)
What part of the intestinal lamina propria are lymphatic capillaries that are for lipid absorption
Lacteals in villus core
What is the vascular component of the villus core in intestinal lamina propria
Smaller blood vessels
What muscle is found in the intestinal lamina propria
Smoot ms, if contracted villi shorten leading to nutrient deficiencies if irritation is prolonged
What is the muscularis mucosa like in the intestinal lamina propria
Thin but present, connecting to smooth muscle in vili
Where are duoenal (brunner) glands located and what do they produce
Mucous glands in intestinal submucosa that produce alkaline mucous to neutralize chyme
What are groups of regularly occuring large lymph nodules
Peryer’s patches
What plexus is located in the submucosa of the ileum
Submucosal (meissner’s)plexus
What plexus is located in the muscularis externa of the intestines
Myenteric plexus stimulating ME for peristalsis
Where are the serosa and adventitia located in the intestines
Serosa = all of jejunum/ileum, first and last duodenum. Adventitia = vertical (descending) portion of duodenum
Is the ileocecal valve a physiological or anatomical sphincter?
Its BOTH found b/w ileum and cecum of colon
What is the surface epithelium of the appendix mucosa
Simple columnar
Is there a lamina propria associated with the appendix
Yes
How developed is the muscularis mucosae of the appendix
Poorly developed
What are 3 unique aspects of the apendix mucosa
Short crypts (intestinal glands), no villi, no/infrequent paneth cells
What are the characteristics of the appendix submucosa
Thick layer with large blood vesels along with lymph nodules
What are the 2 functions of the appendix
Humoral immunity and reservoir for good bacteria
What are the primary funx of the colon
Absortion of H2O, compaction/lubrication/elimination of feces, produce vitamins as bacterial by products
What is the mucosal surface epithelium of the colon
Simple columnar with goblets and surface absorptive cells (colonocytes)
What is typical and has intestinal glands (crypts) within the mucosa of the colon
Lamina propria
What does the mucosa f the colon lack
Villi and paneth cells
What is unique about the muscularis externa of the colon
It is not a normal pattern, outer longitudinal is gathered into bands (teniae coli) and discontinuous
What is constant tonus of teniae coli that results in sacculations called
Haustra
What is the adventitia and serosa like in the colon
Mixed! - mostly serosa
What is the funciton of the rectum
Store fecal material
The surface epithelium of the rectum is similar to the colon except for what
- Significant luminal wall folds exist called transverse rectal folds
- No teniae coli in ME, longitudinal more complete
- Luminal wall covering is adventitia
How is the surface epithelium of the anal canal different than the colon
Simple columnar transitions to stratified squamos
What glands are in the anal canal
Anal glands extend into SM and produce mucus, circumanal glands (apocrine) in skin surround anus
What part of the anal canal contains longitudinal folds creating anal columns
Mucosa and submucosa
What dissappears in the anal canal
Muscularis mucosa
Which part of thhe anal canal has a thick circular layer of smooth muscle in the ME
Internal anal sphincter
What part of the anal canal has a striated (voluntary) muscle from pelvic floor (levator ani)
External anal sphincter
What is the luminal wall cover of the anal canal
Adventitia
