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GM Organ Histo > Final Exam Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Final Exam Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is masticatory mucosa found

A

Gingiva and hard pallate

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2
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the masticatory mucosa

A

Keritinized or parakeritinized stratified squamos epithelium

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3
Q

What do superficial cells of parakeritinized stratified squamos epithelium keep

A

Their nuclei

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4
Q

What are the 2 parts of the lamina propria for oral mucosa

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

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5
Q

What type of connective tissues are located in the lamina propria

A

Papillary later = thick loose ct, reticular layer = more dense ct

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6
Q

What does the papillary layer of the lamina propria contain

A

Blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, some Meissner’s corpuscles

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7
Q

Where is lining mucosa found

A

On soft palate, underside of tongue, floor of mouth, cheeks, and lips

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8
Q

What is the surface eptihelium of the lining mucosa

A

Generally nonkeritinized stratified squamos epithelium, occasionally parakeratinized stratified squamos epi.

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9
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the lips/vermillion border

A

Keratinized stratified squamos epi

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10
Q

What is the difference between the areas of non keratinized and keratinized within the lining mucosa

A

Areas of nonkeratinized stratified squamos epi is thicker than the areas of keratinized stratified squamos epi

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11
Q

What is the lamina propria like for the lining mucosa

A

Loose ct with blood vessels

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12
Q

What type of CT is the submucosa made of in the lining mucosa and what can they contain

A

More dense CT, can have minor salivary glands,sabaecceous glands (corner) larger blood vessels and nerves too

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13
Q

What are the three types of oral mucosa

A

Masticatory mucosa, lining mucosa, specialized mucosa

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14
Q

Where is specialized mucosa found

A

On dorsal surface of tongue

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15
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the specialized mucosa

A
  1. Keratinized strat. Squamos on filiform papillae

2. Strat squamos on all other papillae

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16
Q

What are 2 functions of specialized mucosa

A

Move food and taste

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17
Q

What is the thickness of the tongues mucosa like

A

Thicker dorsally, thinner and smoother posteriorly

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18
Q

What type of glands are associated with the vallate papillae of the tongue

A

Small salivary (von Ebner) glands

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19
Q

What do small salivary (von Ebner) glands do

A

Produce serous fluid to cleanse the taste buds on the vallate papillae

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20
Q

Where are taste buds located

A

On all papillae except filiform papillae

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21
Q

What is the lamina propria like in the mucosa of the tongue

A

Loos ct, adipose possible

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22
Q

What does the submucosa of the tongue contain

A

Lingual salivary glands to produce prodcuts like major salivary glands

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23
Q

What is special about intrinsic tongue muscle

A

No external attachement

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24
Q

What is the arrangement of the intrinsic tongue muscles

A

Dorsal to post

  • superior longitudinal muscle
  • vertical muscles alternating with transverse muscles
  • inferior longitudinal muscle
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25
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Change tongue shape

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26
Q

What are the ameloblasts of the teeth

A

Polarized columnar cells that lose following tooth eruption

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27
Q

What is the function of ameloblasts

A

Produce enamel

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28
Q

What is the enamel of the teeth like

A

Hardest substance in the body made of interlinked enamel rods that cannot move after tooth eruption

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29
Q

What is the dentin of the tooth like

A

Harder than bone, contains thin dentinal tubules containing nerves and cell processes of odontoblasts

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30
Q

What is predentin of the tooth like

A

Precursor to dentin before mineralization

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31
Q

What are odontoblasts of the tooth like

A

Columnar cells lining pulp cavity surviving in adults

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32
Q

What is the function of the odontoblasts

A

Repair and produce dentin/ maintain dentists

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33
Q

Where is dental pulp located and what is it

A

Ct with many blood vessels and nerves in dental papilla

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34
Q

What is the potential problem of dental papilla

A

Extensive inflammation

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35
Q

What are the 3 types of salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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36
Q

Which gland is the largest salivary gland

A

The parotid gland but it produces 30% of total salivary output

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37
Q

What sickness affects the parotid gland most

A

Mumps, the facial nerve passes through

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38
Q

Which gland is 100% serous producing

A

Parotid gland

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39
Q

What 3 products are produced by the parotid gland

A
  1. Salivary amylose and lipase
  2. Lysozome (antimicrobial)
  3. Secretory IgA (immunity)
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40
Q

How large is the submandibular gland

A

It is a smaller gland but produces 60% of total salivary output

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41
Q

Is the submandibular gland serous producing

A

Yes! Has serous demilumes

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42
Q

What is the size of the sublingual gland

A

Smallest gland producing 5% of total salivary ouput

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43
Q

All serous products of sublingual glands come from where

A

Serous demilunes = no separate serous acini

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44
Q

How is saliva secretion stimulated

A

By autonomic efferent impulses

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45
Q

What will parasympathetic impulses do in saliva secretion

A

Increase the amount of watery secretion

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46
Q

What will sympathetic impulses do in saliva secretion

A

They will result in decreased amount of saliva with a thicker consistency this results in dryer oral cavity

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47
Q

What are 3 things within the luminal wall mucosa

A

Surface epithelium, lamina propria (loose ct), muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

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48
Q

What part of the luminal wall contains dense ct, larger blood vessels, and submucosal (Meissner) plexus

A

The submucosa

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49
Q

What is the function of the submucosa within the luminal wall

A

Influence mucosa

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50
Q

What is the fiber orientation of the muscularis externa within the luminal wall

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers (normal pattern)

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51
Q

What part of the luminal wall structure contains myenteric (Auerbach) plexus and typically is smooth muscle

A

Muscularis externa

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52
Q

What is the function of the muscularis external of the luminal wall

A

Influence myenteric plexus

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53
Q

What is next to the muscularis externa of the luminal wall?

A

Serosa or adventitia

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54
Q

Which one serosa or adventitia has ct

A

Adventitia

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55
Q

Does serosa or adventita have and edge of simple squamos epithelium that is serous producing

A

Serosa

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56
Q

What is the function of the esophagus

A

Transfer bolus to stomach from the oropharynx

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57
Q

What is the surface epithleium of the mucosa of esophagous

A

Stratified squamos = needed b/c of friction

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58
Q

What part of the esophagus contains langerhans cells and what do they do?

A

The surface epithelium of mucosa that is an APC with some phagocytosis possible

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59
Q

What type of connective tissue is with the mucosa of the esophagus

A

Loos areolar ct

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60
Q

Where can esophageal cardiac glands be found

A

In the lamina propria of the esophagus near the stomach, and pharynx for an inch

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61
Q

What is the function of esophageal cardiac glands

A

Produce neutral mucus to protect esophageal epithelium

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62
Q

What layer of the mucosa of the esophagus is a discontinuous layer of the longitudinal muscle

A

Muscularis mucosae

63
Q

What is the thickness like for muscularis mucosae of the esophagus

A

Thinner distally by the pharynx and thicker proximally by the stomach

64
Q

What type of ct is in the submucosa of the esophagus

A

Dense fibroelastic ct

65
Q

Where are esophageal proper glands found

A

Within the submucosa of the esophagus scatter along its length

66
Q

What do esophageal proper glands do

A

Produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food

67
Q

How do parasympthetics work in the gut

A

Stimulate peristalsis, inhibits sphincters and activates secretion

68
Q

How do sympathetics work in the gut

A

Inhibits peristalsis and contracts sphincters and controls blood flow to gut

69
Q

What part of the esophagus is unique

A

The muscularis externis

70
Q

What is the layout of muscle in the muscularis externa portion of the esophagus

A

Upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle, middle 1/3 = smooth and skeletal, lower 1/3 = all smooth muscle

71
Q

Is the esophagus made up of primarily adventitia or serosa

A

Primarily adventitia except the last 1-2 inches = last 1-2 after diaphargm = serosa

72
Q

What are the two spincters associate with esophagus

A

Pharyngoesophageal and gastrophageal

73
Q

Which esophageal sphincter deals with acid refulx that can lead to esophageal cancer

A

The lower gastroesophageal sphincter

74
Q

Where are the 2 sphincters of the esophagus located

A

Pharyngoesophageal = b/w oropharynx and esophagus, gastroesophageal = b/w esophagus and stomach

75
Q

What are 2 characteristics of physiological sphincters

A

No thickening of circular muscles in muscularis externus, pressure gradient aids movement (contraction + gravity)

76
Q

What are 3 funcitons of the stomach in list of priority

A

Storage, nutrient breakdown, continuing digestion of carbs

77
Q

What are gastric pits

A

Tiny depressions in the stomach’s surface; 1 pit leads to more than one gland

78
Q

What is the surface epithethelium of the mucosa of the stomach

A

Simple columnar

79
Q

What cells produce thick visable mucus and secrete bicarbonate ions and where are they located

A

Surface mucous (=surface lining) located in surface epithelium of mucosa of stomach

80
Q

What are the bases of pits within the surface epithelium of stomach

A

Regenerative cells

81
Q

What does the lamina propria contain in the mucosa of the stomach

A

Loose, vascular ct present in small amounts between glands

82
Q

What are the 3 layers of the muscularis mucosae in the mucosa of the stomach

A

Inner circular, outer longitudinal, outermost circular/oblique

83
Q

Which layer of the stomach is highly vascular and is the location of arteriovenous anastomosis

A

The submucosa

84
Q

What is the function of ava (arteriovenous anastomosis)

A

To shut down activity and secretion fast

85
Q

What type of plexus is in the submucosa of the stomach

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus which is next to the inner circular layer of muscle

86
Q

What is the function of the submucosal plexus of the stomach

A

To influence the mucosa - ie secretion blood flow any limited contraction

87
Q

What 3 layers are possible in the muscularis externa within the stomach

A

Innermost oblique (sometimes), middle circular (well developed), outer longitudinal (thin)

88
Q

What type of plexus is located within the muscularis externa of the stomach, its location and function

A

Myenteric (auerbach) plexus = between circular and longitudinal layer of ms, funx = stimulate muscularis externa

89
Q

Where is serosa located in the stomach

A

All layers

90
Q

What are 3 regions of stomach

A

Cardiac, gastric (fundus and body), pyloric

91
Q

Which region of the stomach contains shorter pits leading to glands with coiled base and has primarily surface mucous cells, neck, and few DNES/parietal cells but NO cheif cells

A

The cardiac region

92
Q

Which region of the stomach is the smallest and obtains much mucus

A

Cardiace

93
Q

What are 3 regions of gastric glands

A

Isthmus, DNES cells and Neck cells

94
Q

What do surface mucous of isthmus cells do

A

Produce thick visavle mucus to trap bicarbonate ions

95
Q

What gastric gland cell protects mucosa from autodigestion and the rougher components of chyme

A

Surface mucous of Isthmus cells

96
Q

What is another name for DNES cells in the stomach

A

Enteroendocrine cells

97
Q

What do DNES cells in the stomach produce

A

Somatostatin (inhibit HCL release and nearby DNES), serotonin/substance P increasing motility, gastrin stimulating HCL and pepsinogen, and regenerative cells

98
Q

What cells are neck cells of the stomach

A

Neck mucous cells, regenerative cells, parietal cells

99
Q

What cells produce a soluble, less alkaline, mucus to lubricate gastric components

A

Neck mucous cells in stomach

100
Q

Whatt cells are odd columnar cells with intracellular canaliculi

A

Parietal cells of neck cells in stomach

101
Q

What do parietal cells in the somach produce

A

Strong HCL and gastric intrinsic factor

102
Q

How can chronic gastritis lead to pernicious anemia

A

Low # of parietal cells can lead to low amounts of gastric intrinsic factor that will decrease vitamin B12 absorption necessary for RBC maturation

103
Q

What cells are base cells in the stomach

A

Chief, parietal, DNES

104
Q

What do cheif cells produce

A

Primarily pepsinogen, and some gastric lipase

105
Q

What cells are in the pyloric region of the stomach

A

Surface mucous, DNES, parietal, neck mucous

106
Q

What is the anatomical sphinctr between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum

A

Pyloric sphincter

107
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of an anatomical sphincter

A
  1. Well develped inner circular layer of muscle in ME

2. Inner circular layer in ME can independently be controled

108
Q

What are the 3 general funx of small intestine

A

Digestion, absorb nutrients, produce intestinal hormones - using DNES cells

109
Q

What 3 things increase surface area of the small intestine

A

Plicae circulares, villi, microvilli

110
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the mucosa in the intestinal wall made of

A

Simple columnar

111
Q

What are the 6 cell types of the mucosa in the intestines

A

Surface absorptive, goblet, DNES, regenerative, paneth, M cells,

112
Q

What are the surface absorptive cells in the intestinal mucosa

A

Enterocytes containing microvilli

113
Q

What are the functions of the enterocytes

A

Abosrb water/nutrients, terminal digestion in glycocalyx (monosaccharides and peptides

114
Q

What are the 2 general causes of peptic ulcer disease

A

Insufficient protection from HCL and pepsin, and helicobacter pylori

115
Q

Where are the most goblet cells located in the intestinal mucosa

A

Fewest in duodenum and most in ileum

116
Q

What do the DNES cells produce in the intestinal mucosa

A

I = CCK stimulating gallbladder contraction and secretion of enzymes, K= GIP inhibiting HCL, S= secretin stimulating pancreas secretion of bicarbonate and inhibit HCL release, and movement of chyme into SI

117
Q

Where are regenerative cells located in the intestinal mucosa

A

Found in crypts

118
Q

Which cells of the intestinal mucosa are found on the base of crypts and produce lysozymes

A

Paneth cells

119
Q

Where are m cells of the intestinal mucosa foun

A

Ileum epithelium over peyer’s patches

120
Q

What do m cells do

A

Promote humoral immunity

121
Q

What is the lamina propria of the intestines made of

A

Loos areolar CT

122
Q

Where is the intestinal lamina propria found and what does it border

A

Found in villus core, borders intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)

123
Q

What part of the intestinal lamina propria are lymphatic capillaries that are for lipid absorption

A

Lacteals in villus core

124
Q

What is the vascular component of the villus core in intestinal lamina propria

A

Smaller blood vessels

125
Q

What muscle is found in the intestinal lamina propria

A

Smoot ms, if contracted villi shorten leading to nutrient deficiencies if irritation is prolonged

126
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa like in the intestinal lamina propria

A

Thin but present, connecting to smooth muscle in vili

127
Q

Where are duoenal (brunner) glands located and what do they produce

A

Mucous glands in intestinal submucosa that produce alkaline mucous to neutralize chyme

128
Q

What are groups of regularly occuring large lymph nodules

A

Peryer’s patches

129
Q

What plexus is located in the submucosa of the ileum

A

Submucosal (meissner’s)plexus

130
Q

What plexus is located in the muscularis externa of the intestines

A

Myenteric plexus stimulating ME for peristalsis

131
Q

Where are the serosa and adventitia located in the intestines

A

Serosa = all of jejunum/ileum, first and last duodenum. Adventitia = vertical (descending) portion of duodenum

132
Q

Is the ileocecal valve a physiological or anatomical sphincter?

A

Its BOTH found b/w ileum and cecum of colon

133
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the appendix mucosa

A

Simple columnar

134
Q

Is there a lamina propria associated with the appendix

A

Yes

135
Q

How developed is the muscularis mucosae of the appendix

A

Poorly developed

136
Q

What are 3 unique aspects of the apendix mucosa

A

Short crypts (intestinal glands), no villi, no/infrequent paneth cells

137
Q

What are the characteristics of the appendix submucosa

A

Thick layer with large blood vesels along with lymph nodules

138
Q

What are the 2 functions of the appendix

A

Humoral immunity and reservoir for good bacteria

139
Q

What are the primary funx of the colon

A

Absortion of H2O, compaction/lubrication/elimination of feces, produce vitamins as bacterial by products

140
Q

What is the mucosal surface epithelium of the colon

A

Simple columnar with goblets and surface absorptive cells (colonocytes)

141
Q

What is typical and has intestinal glands (crypts) within the mucosa of the colon

A

Lamina propria

142
Q

What does the mucosa f the colon lack

A

Villi and paneth cells

143
Q

What is unique about the muscularis externa of the colon

A

It is not a normal pattern, outer longitudinal is gathered into bands (teniae coli) and discontinuous

144
Q

What is constant tonus of teniae coli that results in sacculations called

A

Haustra

145
Q

What is the adventitia and serosa like in the colon

A

Mixed! - mostly serosa

146
Q

What is the funciton of the rectum

A

Store fecal material

147
Q

The surface epithelium of the rectum is similar to the colon except for what

A
  1. Significant luminal wall folds exist called transverse rectal folds
  2. No teniae coli in ME, longitudinal more complete
  3. Luminal wall covering is adventitia
148
Q

How is the surface epithelium of the anal canal different than the colon

A

Simple columnar transitions to stratified squamos

149
Q

What glands are in the anal canal

A

Anal glands extend into SM and produce mucus, circumanal glands (apocrine) in skin surround anus

150
Q

What part of the anal canal contains longitudinal folds creating anal columns

A

Mucosa and submucosa

151
Q

What dissappears in the anal canal

A

Muscularis mucosa

152
Q

Which part of thhe anal canal has a thick circular layer of smooth muscle in the ME

A

Internal anal sphincter

153
Q

What part of the anal canal has a striated (voluntary) muscle from pelvic floor (levator ani)

A

External anal sphincter

154
Q

What is the luminal wall cover of the anal canal

A

Adventitia

GM Organ Histo (2 decks)

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