Final Exam Chapter 16 HIV

Question 1

What does HIV stand for?

Answer 1

Human immunodeficiency virus

Question 2

What is HIV?

Answer 2

Virus that attacks the immune system (weakens the immune system over time)

Question 3

What does AIDS stand for?

Answer 3

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Question 4

How is AIDS caused?

Answer 4

Caused by HIV, Very serious and life-threatening disease

When the cells fall under 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood it becomes aids

Question 5

Facts about HIV in the US?

Answer 5

1.1 million people in the US are HIV-positive, with 15% unaware
Over 39,000 new cases in the US every year
Estimated 12,000 people die of AIDS in the US every year

Question 6

Facts about HIV worldwide?

Answer 6

Nearly 37 million people around the world live with HIV and over 1 million die from AIDS-related illnesses each year

Race/ethnicity differences in likelihood of acquiring HIV

First strand found in 1980s (not long ago)

First detected in animals (monkeys)

Question 7

What is meant by, HIV: Retrovirus?

Answer 7

Virus: A virus is a tiny infectious agent that can only replicate inside the cells of a living organism.

Retrovirus: Retroviruses are a specific type of virus that have a unique way of replicating and inserting their genetic material into the host cell’s DNA

Question 8

How is HIV a retrovirus?

Answer 8

Retrovirus replicate by injecting themselves in host cells literally taking over the genetic workings of the cells

Question 9

Why is HIV known as a silent killer?

Answer 9

HIV is able to stay in the body in a latent and dormant state (silent killer), it gradually starts replicating itself and in the process begins destroying the T cells ability to function

Question 10

What are T-Cells responsible for?

Answer 10

responsible for recognizing harmful substances in the body and for attacking such substances

Question 11

What happens when HIV enters the body?

Answer 11

Enters bloodstream → invades T-cells → injects into cells genetic material → replicates and destroys the T-cell

Question 12

Facts about HIV in regards to Diversity?

Answer 12

Black – makeup 45% ofHIV diagnoses and 53% of deaths every year

Mostly queer men → frequency of gay anal sex

• Unaware of their HIV status because of lack of regular health check up
• Stigma also prevents them from seeking help

Question 13

How many stages are there for HIV?

Answer 13

4

Question 14

What is stage 1 for HIV?

Answer 14

Stage 1 – may last for a period of 1-8 weeks → fever, headache, sore throat

This initial stage is then followed by a latent period stage 2

Question 15

What is stage 2 for HIV?

Answer 15

This initial stage is then followed by a latent period (stage 2), in which people experience few, if any, symptoms (up to 10 years)… virus is still active and replicating

Question 16

What is stage 3 for HIV?

Answer 16

people develop a specific group of symptoms, including night sweats, painful skin rash, swollen lymph nodes, and white spots in the mouth… indicates a weakened immune system but does not meet the criteria for AIDS

Question 17

What is stage 4 for HIV?

Answer 17

patients immune system begins to have trouble fighting off various infections (opportunistic infections) may experience problems with the lungs

Question 18

What are severe symptoms those with HIV can have?

Answer 18

shortness of breath
substantial weight loss
personality shifts
dementia

Question 19

What is meant that, people with AIDS often die of opportunistic infections?

Answer 19

AIDS doesn’t kill you, it is the infection you get, but AIDS weakens the immune system so it cause fight the infection

Question 20

What are opportunistic infections?

Answer 20

pneumonia
tuberculosis
type of cancer called Kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 21

Examples of medicine or “cure” for HIV?

Answer 21

Medicine that helps fight the opportunistic infections → daraprim

Antiretroviral drugs → slow the virus down by blocking certain enzymes which are required for the virus to multiply

Those that don’t have HIV but are at high risk of contracting it → can take preP, blocks the enzymes

Small population are immune the the virus → mutation linked to T-Cells

Question 22

TRUE OR FALSE: Not everyone exposed becomes HIV +

Answer 22

True

Question 23

TRUE or FALSE: Time of progression of AIDS varies among individuals

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What is the role of psychology in HIV in regards to illness onset?

Answer 24

Beliefs (susceptibility, seriousness, cost, benefits)

Behaviors → unsafe sex, drug injecting

Coping with diagnosis

Illness representations

Question 25

What is the role of psychology in HIV in regards to progression?

Answer 25

Psychological Consequences
Coping with illness
Illness as stressor

Question 26

What are factors that contribute to the susceptibility of becoming exposed to HIV?

Answer 26

Beliefs about HIV (attitudes, norms, etc.)

Health related behaviors (e.g. protection needle use)

Question 27

What are factors that contribute to the susceptibility of becoming HIV+?

Answer 27

Use of drugs
Exposure to other viruses

Question 28

What are factors that can contribute to the progression of HIV to AIDS?

Answer 28

Lifestyle may speed up progression

Cognitions may influence progression

Question 29

How can Lifestyle speed up progression of HIV to AIDS?

Answer 29

Drug use, Unsafe sex, Unhealthy behaviors, Stress

Stage 2-3

People do not adhere to medication

Question 30

How can cognitions influence progression
of HIV to AIDS?

Answer 30

Adherence to medication
Stress
Negative expectations
Coping
Emotional expression

Question 31

What are factors that contribute to the longevity of HIV?

Answer 31

General health status
Health behaviors
Social Support
Expression of anger and hostility
Realistic acceptance

Question 32

What are myths about HIV?

Answer 32

2 people can mutate HIV further

Vaginal birth = very likely to transfer

C section → the placenta protects very well

Should people tell their jobs if they have HIV, and should they be removed from their position? e.g. a surgeon