Final Exam Chapter 14 Eating and Weight Flashcards
What factors can influence beliefs about weight and muscularity?
Media and Culture
Social Comparison
Psychological Factors
Health & Fitness Trends
Medical & Health Factors
What does food do for the body?
Provides nutrients and energy to run the body
What is the process of the digestive system?
(1) beings in the mouth - chewing and saliva
(2) food travels from mouth → stomach (where it begins digestion by being mixed with gastric juices to break down the food so the nutrients can be absorbed by the small intestine).
(3) Then remnants of food move down to the large intestine where liquid is absorbed (Digestion is complete when the remaining waste is eliminated.)
How long does food digestion take?
It can take up to 8 hours for food digestion but bloating or uneasiness can happen before (The stomach is adjusting the size to what you have just eaten)
How long does it take for something to turn into fat?
It takes about 2 weeks for something to turn into fat on your body and to show on the scale.
Where are calories first absorbed?
Calories are absorbed beginning in the small intestine
What do laxatives not do?
Laxatives don’t cause you to lose fat because it take effect at the end of the colon
Why is fat important when you are over 50 years of age?
Fat serves to protect you from illness
What do most digestive pills act as?
Diuretics → you are not actually losing fat but rather losing water weight
What is intuitive eating?
eating that focuses on listening to your body’s hunger and fullness cue
Why is intuitive eating beneficial?
Because it focuses on self-care, body respect, and enjoyment of food.
What is intermittent fasting?
involves cycling between periods of eating and fasting, with the duration of fasting periods varying.
What happens to the body during the process of intermittent fasting? (5)
Insulin levels drop
Cellular repair
Increased fat burning
Hormonal changes
Appetite regulation
Is intermittent fasting healthy?
Intermittent fasting may not be suitable for everyone, particularly those with medical conditions, pregnant women, or eating disorders.
When does stable weight occur? and what happens when imbalance occurs?
Stable weight occurs when the energy intake (calories) is equal to the energy output (physical activity) – imbalance causes weight gain or weight loss.
What are factors influencing an individuals energy output?
A person’s metabolic rate
How and when we eat (controlled by chemicals in their body)
What was the…Experimental Starvation experiment?
Over 70 years ago, Ancel Keys ran an experiment on the effects of starvation. The goal was to reduce the weight of individuals by 25%
What were the results from the experiment “Experimental Starvation”?
While it worked, the participants became more aggressive during the course of the study.
After the study was complete, nearly all of them regained the weight they’d lost, and many were heavier than when the experiment began.
What was the…Experimental Overeating experiment?
An experiment in the 1970s had volunteering prisoners overeat.
What were the results from the experiment “Experimental Overeating”?
At first the weight gain was easy, but it became more difficult to gain the weight, and prisoners had to eat more and more to continue gaining
At the end, most of the prisoners lost weight, though the rate at which it was lost varied.
There were 2 prisoners who had a difficult time reducing their weight - It was found that while they had never been obese, obesity ran in their family and likely contributed to their difficulty in losing the weight.
What is the set-point model?
The model states that the body has an internal “thermostat” that determines what a person’s body weight should be.
Even when an individual loses weight, the body remembers the setpoint and will activate leptin and ghrelin to try and get the body back to the “ideal” weight
Some people may be born with a higher set point (bone density) – also the definition the fat changes
How do you calculate your set-point?
Lowest weight + highest weight / 2
What are models that exist as to why people become obese?
Set point model
The Genetic Explanations of Obesity
The Positive Incentive Model
What is the The Genetic Explanations of Obesity model?
links weight to genetics. There was a time when humans needed to store more fat to survive, and so we evolved to have a “thrifty” metabolism, storing fat when we’re able to.
What is the The Positive Incentive Model model?
looks at positive reinforcement reasons for eating, including pleasure, social context, and biological factors.
How Unhealthy is Obesity?
Obesity is a mortality risk. Those who are overweight don’t have a much larger chance of health issues than those who are considered at a healthy weight. Once obese, people become much higher risk for health issues
What are the risk for health issues that obese people are prone to?
Cardiovascular Disease
Type 2 Diabetes
High Blood Pressure
Osteoarthritis
Why is it that the distribution of fat on an individual can also be associated with risk?
The “beer belly” has been associated with several different health risks, as have other distributions of fat in the body.
Fat around the belly = risk factor disease compared to arms, hips, and face.
What is dieting?
Dieting is considered a way of losing weight that relies on the changing of eating habits that can include only eating certain types of food, avoiding certain types of food, and watching caloric intake and energy output.
What was found in regards to dieting regarding weight loss?
In many cases, diets that result in sudden weight loss most times are not permanent solutions.
What are four main approaches to losing weight?
Restricting Types of Food
Exercise
Behaviour Modification Programs
Drastic Methods of Losing Weight
What is the approach of Restricting Types of Food ?
It is a popular method of weight loss. There are several methods that include avoiding carbs, fats, and processed sugars.
The one thing all researchers agree on regarding high fiber?
high fiber from fruits and vegetables is essential.
What is a important means of losing weight?
Exercise
Why is exercise beneficial in losing weight?
The more energy that’s expended, the more calories are burned, which can lead to a caloric deficit, which will result in weight loss.
What are health benefits of Exercise?
Improve cardiovascular health, reduce high blood pressure, and improve type 2 diabetes.
What are behavior modification programs?
Focuses on changing the eating habits of the individual to include healthier foods and limit unhealthy foods, and finding ways to include some kind of physical activity in their day.
What are drastic methods of losing weight?
Surgeries like a gastric band, a sleeve gastrectomy, or gastric bypass can have a huge effect on weight loss.
Adipose tissue suctioned out is also called liposuction.
Dangerous methods of weight loss may include fasting, purging, and drugs (laxatives, ozempic & appetite suppressants)
Why is maintaining weight loss difficult?
Maintaining Weight Loss can be as difficult as quitting smoking and many people “relapse”
What is the probability of commercial weight loss programs?
Commercial weight loss programs have a high probability of regaining 50% of the weight they lost in their program within 1 to 2 years.
What is the difference between those who choose a surgical route vs those who don’t?
Those who choose a surgical route are often able to keep much of the weight they lost after surgery off their bodies, but for those who did not go through surgery are able to make successful behavioral changes around eating and physical activity.
Changing the way you eat for loss weight can be successful but what happens if they are not permanent?
the weight will return when they return to their old eating habits
Dieting can have psychological effects that may not lead to a healthy lifestyle, such as?
Body dissatisfaction and can lead to a eating disorder
What are eating disorders?
characterized by a serious habitual disturbance in eating behavior that results in unhealthy consequences.
What are the two most published eat disorders?
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
What is anorexia nervosa?
intentional self-starvation for the purpose of drastic weight loss.
Which gender does anorexia affect most?
Affects women mostly but can also affect men
What is one thing individuals with anorexia struggle with in regards to weight loss?
Even if they lose weight they may still see themselves as overweight, continuing to starve themselves and may push themselves to extreme levels of exercise
What is the death rate and recovery rate of anorexia?
3% death rate & 75% recovery
Which eating disorder has the highest mortality rate
anorexia
Which is more successful for anorexia, in-patient or outpatient programs?
In patient treatment is less successful than outpatients, community-based treatments and support
Is anorexia a psychiatric condition?
yes
what is bulimia?
somebody who doesn’t starve themselves but rather binge eat than vomit the food or take laxatives.
What feeling do bulimics suffer from contributing the disease?
Often suffer comes from a feeling that they don’t have control over their food intake.
What correlation is there to the onset of bulimia?
There is correlation between childhood instances of sexual abuse, physical abuse, and PTSD
What gender is bulimia more common?
Disorder more common in women than men.
Is bulimia fatal?
Unlike anorexia it is rarely fatal, but there are other health issues from binging and purging
What are health issues that exist because of bulimia?
Poor teeth
Hypoglycemia
Anemia
Mouth and esophageal damage.
What is binge eating disorder?
uncontrollable intake of food far beyond what is required at least once a week for three months.
Is there purging in binge eating disorder?
no
Who are the most typical people to suffer from binge eating disorders?
obese people
What treatment has been successful in treating binge eating disorder?
CBT has been successful by teaching them to regain control over their eating and changing their view of food.
What medicine has been beneficial in treating binge eating disorder?
Prozac has helped control binge eating episodes but produces no weight loss.
Why do some people struggling with binge eating disorder not seek treatment?
Sometimes people who suffer with binge eat don’t seek treatment because they don’t see it as an issue but they do feel their weight is an issue
What is CBT-E?
One of the most effective treatments for eating disorders. It is a “transdiagnostic” treatment for all forms of eating disorders.
How long is CBT-E?
Usually involves an initial assessment appointment followed by 20 treatments sessions over 20 weeks lasting 50 minutes.
What is a benefit of CBT-E in regards to the patient?
It is a highly individualized treatment , to match the exact eating problem
What are the four stages of CBT-E?
Stage 1 – gaining a mutual understanding of the eating problem and help them modify and stabilize their pattern of eating. Psycho-education and addressing concerns about weight.
Stage 2 – plans made for treatment, education, what to eat
Stage 3 – focus on what processes are maintaining the eating problem. Moods, what not eating, how they feel about themselves
Stage 4 – shifts onto the future, focusing on how to deal with setbacks,
How is CBT-E different for people who are underweight?
treatment for people underweight lasts long, sometimes 40 sessions/40 weeks.
before gaining weight, first few weeks focus on reasons for and against change
What is the goal for CBT-E, specifically those underweight?
is that patients make the decision on their own to regain the weight.
What is leptin?
a protein that signals when more food is needed
What is Ghrelin?
Ghrelin – stimulates the appetite and decreases metabolism
What is Insulin?
Insulin – helps the hypothalamus understand when we have eaten enough
What is cholecystokinin?
Cholecystokinin – tells the body when is it satiated and to stop eating
What the risks associated with obesity (social factors)?
complications by age and ethnicity.
What is emotional eating?
Emotional eating is the practice of consuming food in response to feelings of stress, sadness, boredom, or other emotions rather than hunger.
What stimulates appetite and decreases metabolism?
Ghrelin
What signals when more food is needed?
Leptin
What helps the hypothalamus understand when we have eaten enough
Insulin
What tells the body when it is satiated and stops eating
Cholecystokinin
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What are Emotional triggers for eating?
like boredom, procrastination, reward, excitement, love, loss of control, stress, anxiety, depression.
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What is Sit with your feelings?
Am I hungry? What am I feeling? What do I need at this moment? Would you please?
