FINAL EXAM chapter 12 Roz Flashcards
ILD stands for?
What is it?
Interaural difference: difference in pressure level reaching the two ears.
ILD occurs for what frequency of sound
High frequency
The difference between the times sound reaches the two ears? It is best for locating sound at what level of frequency?
Interaural time difference. Best for low frequency.
what type of cue only uses information from one ear
moaural cue
the _________and _____________affect the intensities of frequencies.
pinna, head
Katie snorted when Jamie touch “the_____”
butt
If you have damage to the dorsal pathway you will have trouble with what?
Recognition
Outside sound is reflected off of environmental surfaces and then to the listener. This is called _________ sound. Inside a building there is ________ and _________ sound.
Indirect, Indirect and direct.
the array of all sound sources in the environment
Auditory Scene
process by which sound sources in the auditory scene are separated into individual perceptions
Auditory Scene Analysis
Heuristics that help to perceptually organize stimuli
hint OLS
Onset time,
Location and
Similarity of timbre and pitch
Onset time is: sounds that ___ at different____ are likely to come from ______ sources
sounds that start at different times are likely to come from different sources
Location: a ________sound source tends to come from ____ location and move_________
a single sound source tends to come from one location and to move continuously
Similar sounds that are grouped together are what type of heuristics
Similarity of timbre and pitch
A primary monoaural cue for localization
spectral cue
binaural cues are used for judging
azimuth
spectral cues are responsible for judging
elevation
Auditory nerve fibers from the _______ synapse in a sequence of _______ ________
cochlea, subcortical structures
Sequence of auditory nerve fibers synapsing to the subcortical structures starting with the cochlear nucleus:
hint: SONIC MG A (in temporal lobe)
Cochlear nucleus... Superior Olivary Nucleus Inferior Colliculus Medial Geniculate nucleus Auditory receiving area (A1)
From the medial geniculate nucleus fibers extend to the….in the .. ..
primary auditory cortex, temporal lobe
Processing for binaural localization occurs in the ….because….further processing happens in the
superior olivary nucleus..because signals from both ears meet….inferior colliculus
on average people can localize sounds best when they are…
right in front of them
location cues are not contained in receptor cells like on the retina thus location for sounds must be
calculated
What affects the intensities of frequencies when discussing monaural cues
pinna and head
__________processing occurs in the cortex
hierarchical
neural signals travel through the _____, then _____ followed by the _________.
Simple sounds activate the_________
core, belt, parabelt
core
complex sounds activate the_____ &______
belt and parabelt
When do coincidence detectors fire?
when signals arrive from both ears
What pathway starts in the _______ part of the_____ and belt and extends to the ________ _______
What pathway starts in the ANTERIOR part of theCORE and belt and extends to the PREFRONTAL CORTEX.
Neurons in the ______ belt have better ____ ______ than neurons in A1
posterior, spatial tuning
The posterior belt is to____ _____ and the anterior belt is to…
spatial tuning, identifying different types of sounds
The precedence effect occurs when
we perceive the lead sound as the source of both sounds (including lag) despite their differing locations. This happens when the time between presentation is very short.
The study of how sounds are reflected in rooms…
Architectural acoustics
Major factors affecting indirect sound are
size of the room
amount of sound absorbed by walls, ceiling and floor
amount and duration of indirect sound produced by a room is expressed as
reverberation time
If reverberation time of a room is too long sounds become… because _____ _____persist for too _________
muddled, reflected sounds, long
If reverberation time is too short…
music sounds dead and becomes difficult to produce high intensity sounds
Good reverberation time?…for opera houses?…small classroom?
2.0 seconds, 1.5, 0.4-0.6
physical measures associated with how music is perceived in concert halls:
IBS
- Intimacy time: time between direct sound and first reflection
- Bass ration: ratio of low to middle freq reflected from walls and other surfaces
- Spaciousness factor: fraction of all sound received by a listener that is indirect sound
Seperation of different sound sources into perceptually different stream is called _________ by psychologists and _____________ by musicians
auditory stream segregation and polyphony or compound melodic line
The ventral stream is the ________ pathway
WHAT
The what/ventral pathway starts in the ______ portion of the _____ and belt and extends to the prefrontal cortex
anterior portion of the core and belt and extends to the prefrontal cortex
the where/dorsal stream starts in the ___________ core and _________ and extends to the prefrontal and ______________ cortices
the where/dorsal stream starts in the POSTERIOR core and BELT and extends to the prefrontal and PARIETAL cortices
auditory stream segregation is based on _____ and _____
pitch, speed
the effects of pitch on auditory stream segregation was demonstrated by alternation high and low _______ at different___________. When high pitched tones were alternated with low pitched tones slowly they were perceived as ______ stream
tones, speeds, one
similarity of pitch causes
grouping
sounds that stay constant or change smoothly typically come from the _______ source. This is called
auditory continuity
ventriloquism effect is an example of _________ dominating______________
vision , audition
two flash illusion occurs when a single flash is accompanied by_______ tones. The subject perceives_____ _____. this is an example of
two, two flashes, hearing dominates vision
coordinated receptive fields in the cortex respond to…. These areas help us form a representation of_______
two senses, space
