FINAL EXAM Chapter 11 Roz Flashcards
Sound is ________ _________ in the air or other medium.
Which definition of sound is this?
What does it mean by ‘other medium’?
Physical definition of sound: Sound is pressure changes in the air, water or any other ‘elastic medium’ that surround an object.
Sound is the _________ we have when we hear = the ___________ definition of sound.
Sound is the experience we have when we hear = the PERCEPTUAL definition of sound.
If a tree falls in the forest and we are using the perceptual definition of sound - does it make a sound?
No- we were not present to experience it…we were drinking wine and spirits in a local bar trying to convince Blake to go to Vegas.
If Blake falls off of his stool in said bar, and we are using the physical definition of sound - does it make a sound?
YES- but we still won’t hear it because his swearing and our laughter (complete with snorting) will overwhelm our senses.
The piercing cries of the pterodactyl ghost which haunts the RDC campus demonstrates the __________ of sound.
EXPERIENCE…specifically ours.
“The Maytag man measured the sound of Roz’s fridge at a frequency of 1000 HZ,” demonstrates the __________ ________ of sound.
PHYSICAL STIMULUS….the wrong kind.
When the diaphragm of a speaker moves out, it pushes the surrounding air molecules together. This is called? This causes a slight______ in __________ of the molecules near the diaphragm.
Condensation, increase, density
When the diaphragm of the speaker moves back in the air molecules nearby_____ ______ to fill the empty space due to condensation earlier. This process is called?
Spread out, rarefaction
How quickly does a pattern of pressure changes caused by a speaker travel through air? Water?
340 meters per second / 1,500
Does a travelling sound wave cause air to move?
NOPE: molecules move back and forth but stay in about the same position…use your imagination
What is a pure tone?
examples:
A pure tone is a pattern of changes in air pressure that can be described by the mathematical function called a SINE WAVE.
Examples: tuning forks, high pitched whistling, in labs studying hearing.
Frequency is…
measure in units called…
- Frequency is the number of cycles per second that the pressure changes repeat.
- Hertz
Amplitude is…
The size of the pressure changes
Frequency is the number of cycles per second that the pressure changes _________
repeat
A measurement of sound referring to the size of the pressure changes is
Amplitude
1 Hz = ___cycle per second
1
Higher frequencies are perceived as _____ ______
Higher pitches
Humans can perceive frequencies ranging from _____ to_____________.
20Hz to 20,000Hz
Amplitude is to loud, as frequency is to ____ .
pitch
The decibel (dB) is a ____ of sound.
unit
Frequencies with a low threshold take very little ______ ______ ______ to hear them
sound pressure changes
an audibility curve indicates the ________ for hearing vs __________
threshold vs frequency
Frequency is to Hz as dBl is to____
SPL
The range of frequencies most important for understanding speech is?
2000-4000Hz
If a tone falls below the audibility response area on the audibility curve we _____ hear it.
cannot hear it. ex: haters- they gonna hate but we can’t hear it
Characteristics of the auditory response area marked “threshold of feeling” include:
______ amplitudes that we can ____; they can become________ and can cause __________ to the _______ ________.
Characteristics of the auditory response area marked “threshold of feeling” include:
HIGH amplitudes that we can “FEEL”; they can become PAINFUL and can cause DAMAGE to the AUDITORY SYSTEM.
Each frequency has a ________ or threshold - the _____ at which it can just barley be heard.
“baseline” or threshold - the decibels at which is can just barely be heard
____________ increases as we increase the level above the baseline of a frequency.
LOUDNESS increases as we increase the level above the baseline of a frequency.
the property of the auditory sensation in terms of which sounds may be ordered on a musical scale is called…This is a property of music and_____
Pitch, speech
Low fundamental frequencies (LFF) are associated with ____ pitches. example of a LFF….High FF…
low.
LFF: Tuba
High FF: piccolo
Is pitch a physical or psychological property of sound? So our description of a pitch as “high” or “low” is based on ____________.
Pitch a PSYCHOLOGICAL property of sound. So our description of a pitch as “high” or “low” is based on PERCEPTION.
The physical property of a low or high perceptual experience is ____________
The physical property of a low or high perceptual experience is FREQUENCY.
The perceptual experience of________ ________ that accompanies increases in a tone’s fundamental frequency is called ____________.
The perceptual experience of INCREASING PITCH that accompanies increases in a tone’s fundamental frequency is called TONE HEIGHT.
As we move from low to high on a piano tone height______.
As we move from low to high on a piano tone height increases.
As we move across a piano and press the keys for A, we notice that the sounds for each are _________. This similarity is referred to as_______ ______. Moving between the A keys, (either up or down) changes the _______
As we move across a piano and press the key for A notes we notice that the sounds for each are SIMILAR. This similarity is referred to as TONE CHROMA. Moving between the A keys, (either up or down) changes the OCTAVE
Tones separated by octaves have the same______ _____. Each of these tones have a fundamental frequencies that are _____ -________ multiples of one another. The doubling of frequencies for each octave results in a similar__________experience.
Tone Chroma. whole-number. Perceptual.
When the fundamental frequency is removed, the ________ _______ of the tone remains the same. Does this affect the perception of pitch?
repetition rate - NOPE- still annoying
The constancy of pitch, even when the fundamental frequency is removed is called the ….
The constancy of pitch, even when the fundamental frequency is removed is called the EFFECT OF THE MISSING FUNDAMENTAL
The pitch that we perceive in tones that have _________ removed is called __________ pitch. This pitch indicates that pitch is determined by the ________ or _____ rate of the sound waveform.
The pitch that we perceive in tones that have HARMONICS removed is called PERIODICITY pitch. This pitch indicates that pitch is determined by the PERIOD or REPETITION rate of the sound waveform.
The periodicity pitch indicates that _______ is determined by the period or repetition rate of the _____ ______.
The periodicity pitch indicates that PITCH is determined by the period or repetition rate of the SOUND WAVEFORM.
-YES I KNOW THIS IS A REPEAT BUT…SHITS COMPLICATED YO.
Pitch is determined by fundamental frequency or information? give an example
information like the spacing of harmonics and repetition rate of the waveform.
Perceptual aspects of sound include…
Thresholds and loudness
Pitch
Timbre
The quality that distinguishes between sound tones which have the same loudness, pitch and duration but sound different is? example..
- Timbre
- Two different instruments playing the same note sound different
When we describe Roz’s voice as sounding ‘nasal’ (it’s ok I know) and Rachel’s voice as sounding ‘chill’ (when she talks to her hubby on the phone- meow) we are referring to a difference in
Timbre
The build up of sound at the beginning of a tone is the… The decrease in sound at the end of a tone is the…. This helps distinguish between instruments playing the same note with the same loudness, pitch and duration. How can we erase this effect?
- Tone’s attack and decay
- erase the first and last 1/2 second of the sound/recording
Timbre depends on
1.
2.
Timbre depends on
- tone’s steady-state harmonic structure
- time course of the attack and decay
What kind of sound has a tone which have a pattern of pressure changes which repeat? examples (2)
What are sounds called whose sound waves do not repeat? examples (3)
UP TO PAGE 270
- Periodic sounds- ex: pure tones and those produced by musical instruments.
- Aperiodic sounds- ex: door slamming, static, and the sound of the Assholes in the room behind us shooting their own version of American Idol on Friday night (people talking) - keeping the A is A-periodic if ya know what I mean.
The auditory system accomplishes three basic tasks during this journey:
- deliver sound stimulus to the receptors.
- transduces this stimulus from pressure changes to electrical signals.
- process electrical signals so they can indicate qualities of the sound source such as pitch, loudness, timbre, and location.
Three divisions of the ear:
outer, middle and inner
The pinna and auditory canal make up the…..
outer ear
protects the delicate structures of the middle ear from hazards of outside world
the auditory canal
Two functions of the outer ear:
protection and enhance the intensity of some sounds through resonance
Resonance occurs in the ______ ______
auditory canal
when sound waves that are reflected back from the closed end of the auditory canal
Resonance
What determines the frequency that is reinforced the most during resonance?
the length of the auditory canal
The frequency that is reinforced the most during resonance is called
resonant frequency
Resonance that occurs within the auditory canal amplifies sound pressure of frequencies between ______ and 5000HZ.
1000HZ
When airborne sound waves reach the _____ _____ at the end of the auditory canal they set it into________, which is transmitted to structures within the ______ ear.
When airborne sound waves reach the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE at the end of the auditory canal they set it into VIBRATION, which is transmitted to structures within the MIDDLE ear.
A small cavity, about cubic 2 cm in volume that separates the outer and inner ear.
Middle ear- shocker
three smallest bones in the body are the ________. The names of the bones are: hint: hammer, anvil, stirrup
three smallest bones in the body are the OSSICLES. The names of the bones are: MALLEUS, INCUS AND STAPES
Order vibrations travel through the ossicles:
vibration is then transmitted to the inner ear by pushing the membrane window called the:_________
Order vibrations travel through the ossicles:
MALLEUS, INCUS AND STAPES
oval window
Ossicles help to solve the difference in pressure between the air in the outer and middle ear and water in inner ear in two ways:
- Concentrate the vibrations of the large tympanic membrane onto much smaller stapes.
- ….
- Concentrate the vibrations of the large tympanic membrane onto much smaller stapes.
- creating a lever action allowing the stapes to amplify the vibrations reaching the tympanic inner ear.
The smallest skeletal muscles in the human body are…
the middle-ear muscles
At very high sound levels the middle-ear muscles _________ to ________ the ossicles’ vibration.
At very high sound levels the middle-ear muscles CONTRACT to DAMPEN the ossicles’ vibration.
The ____________ relates the amplitude of the stimulus with the psychological experience of loudness.
The DECIBEL SCALE relates the amplitude of the stimulus with the psychological experience of loudness.
The decibel scale relates the __________ of the stimulus with the ______________ experience of loudness.
The decibel scale relates the AMPLITUDE of the stimulus with the PSYCHOLOGICAL experience of loudness.
Main structure of the inner ear is…
Cochlea
Main structure of the inner ear is…
Cochlea
Helps with sound location
Pinna
What is set into vibration by the stapes
Cochlea
What separates the cochlea into three parts
cochlear partition
Cochlear partition extends from the base (___________) to the ______ (far end)
Cochlear partition extends from the base (stapes end) to the apex (far end)
The organ or corti is contained by the_______
cochlear partition
What is set into vibration by the stapes
Cochlea- makes me think of penis…a penis that belongs to a woman…named leah
what contains structures that transform vibrations into electrical energy
cochlear partition
Key structures of Cochlear Partition:
- _________________ vibrates in response to sound and supports the organ of Corti.
- _____________ are the receptors for hearing
- _______________ extends over the hair cells
Basilar Membrane, Inner and outer hair cells, Tectoral membrane
Key structures of Cochlear Partition:
- _________________ vibrates in response to sound and supports the organ of Corti.
- _____________ are the receptors for hearing.
- _______________ extends over the hair cells.
Basilar Membrane,
Inner and outer hair cells,
Tectoral membrane
Key structures of Cochlear Partition:
- _________________ vibrates in response to sound and supports the organ of Corti.
- _____________ are the receptors for hearing.
- _______________ extends over the hair cells.
Basilar Membrane,
Inner and outer hair cells,
Tectoral membrane
Play a crucial role in activating hair cells
Tectoral membrane
How many rows of:
Inner hair cells
Outer hair cells
one, three
Transduction does not start until…
it hits the oval window
Transduction takes place by:
- ________ bend in response to movement of __________ __ _________ and the tectorial membrane.
- Movement in one direction opens _____ _________.
- Movement in the other direction _____ the channels.
Transduction takes place by:
- CILIA bend in response to movement of ORGAN OF CORTI and the tectorial membrane.
- Movement in one direction opens ION CHANNELS.
- Movement in the other direction CLOSES the channels.
Vibrations bend the
hair cells
______ causes electrical signals
bending
the _____ _____ determines the timing of the electrical signals
sound’s frequency
we hear different sounds because different places in the cilia respond to different sounds because of…
place coding
we hear different sounds because different places in the cilia respond to different sounds because of…
place coding
Specific groups of ____ _____ on basilar membrane activate a specific set of ____ _____.
Specific groups of HAIR CELLS on basilar membrane activate a specific set of NERVE FIBERS.
2 ways nerve fibbers signal frequency:
- _______ fivers are ________.
- _______ fibers are______.
- Which fibers are responding
2. How fibers are firing.
2 ways nerve fibbers signal frequency:
- _______ fivers are ________.
- _______ fibers are______.
- Which fibers are responding
2. How fibers are firing.
the place of maximal vibration on the basilar membrane depends on
frequency
The frequency of sound is indicated by the ______ along the cochlea at which _____ firing is highest.
The frequency of sound is indicated by the PLACE along the cochlea at which NERVE firing is highest.
The frequency of sound is indicated by the ______ along the cochlea at which _____ firing is highest. THIS IS THE…
PLACE THEORY OF HEARING:
The frequency of sound is indicated by the PLACE along the cochlea at which NERVE firing is highest.
Each place on the basilar membrane is tuned to respond best to specific frequencies. The base is tuned for ____ frequencies. The apex is tuned for ______.
low, high
Each place on the basilar membrane is tuned to respond best to specific frequencies. The base is tuned for ____ frequencies. The apex is tuned for ______.
low, high
The vibrating motion of the membrane is a _______ wave.
travelling
Synchrony between nerve firing and pressure changes due to frequency is called? it occurs up to how many Hz?
phase locking
5000Hz
Does a nerve fire with every pressure change of a very high frequency?
NOPE. Some need time to recover- think of sex- good news though, there are soo many other ‘performing’ a few taking a rest = no big deal.
connection between frequency of the sound stimulus and auditory nerve firing is called
Temporal coding
IF hair cells are damaged should we use a cochlear implant or a hearing aid? Why
cochlear implant: because damaged hair cells cannot convert the amplified sound provided by the hearing aid into electrical signals.
The _______ divides the cochlea into the scala______ and the scala_______.
The COCHLEAR PARTITION divides the cochlea into the scala VESTIBULI and scala TYMPANI
What is contained by the cochlear partition
Organ of corti
The _____ membrane extends over the inner_____ ____.
The TECTORIAL MEMBRANE extends over the inner HAIR CELLS
Transduction occurs when ____ bend in response to movement of the ____ __ ______ and the tectorial membrane
Transduction occurs when CILIA bend in response to movement of the ORGAN OF CORTI and the tectorial membrane
Apex of the cochlea responds best to____- frequency and base responds best to ____ fq
low/high
Frequency to which the neuron is most sensitive is the ______fq
characteristic
Action of outer hair cells is called the
cochlear amplifier
The acoustic prism is the way the cochlea separates_________ along its length
freq
How does the basilar membrane vibrate to complex tones?
vibrates to each of the tones harmonics
Example of PP relationship
Pitch: frequency and periodicity of pitch influences our perception of a tone as high or low
Example of PH1 relationship
temporal coding: frequency of a stimulus influencing firing of auditory nerve
Example of PH2 relationship
Phase locking occurs below 5,000 Hz. perception of a melody is below 5000hz
pitch perception occurs in the
brain
parts of the cochlear implant
microphone, sound processor, transmitter mounted to mastoid bone and receiver surgically mounted on the mastoid bone fuck- ouch- might stay deaf
place and _______ play a mojor role in pitch perception
timing of nerve firing
pitch is not determined by place of vibration but by _________
periodicity
auditory cortex is in the _______ lobe
temporal
Most common cause of hearing loss. What is most difficult when this happens?
damage to outer hair cells
Separating speech sounds in a noisy environment
Loss of sensitivity associated with presbycusis is greatest for
high frequencies
physical difference between noise induced hearing loss and presbycusis
noise induced= damage to organ of corgi
presbyblahblah= damage to hair cells
OSHA states workers should not be exposed to sound levels greater than___db for an ___hour work shift
85 db- 8 hours
The babies
yep they knew the moms voice- shocker. They sucked less to hear her and sucked more to other stuff. woo.hoo. By 6 months they are within 10 to 15bd of an adult audibility curve. cray yo
