FINAL EXAM BROOO Flashcards
What do the red, green, and blue wedges cover?
individuals, families, classes, and groups,
Orange and yellow wedges of IW?
systems and communities
What are the interventions that cannot be done at all levels?
case finding, coalition building, and community building
What is the conventional model?
Only addresses biological and behavioral
basis for disease, downstream approach
What is the socio-ecological model?
- Upstream determinants of health
- Social relations, neighborhoods and
communities, institutions’ social and
economic policies
What is community based nursing?
focused on illness care for individuals and families (e.g. Home health nurse, School Nurse)
What is community-oriented nursing?
(i.e. Public Health Nursing) is focused on health promotion and disease prevention in the community.
What is population health?
tends to focus on a narrow group, usually determined by geographic boundaries.
What is public health?
often addresses larger communities, including those determined not by geography but by race, gender, immigration status, disability level, or other factors.
What are the steps of educational process?
1. Identify Educational Needs
2. Establish Educational
Goals and Objectives
3. Select Appropriate
Educational Methods
4. Implement the educational
plan
5. Evaluate the educational
process
When is community the client?
The community is client ONLY when the nursing focus is the collective or common good of the population NOT individual health
What is summative evaluation?
Occurs at the end of the program
Evaluation of the objectives and the goal
What is process evaluation?
assesses the type, quantity, and quality of program activities or services.
What is the PROCEED model?
Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in
Education and Environmental Design
What is the precede model?
Predisposing Reinforcing and Enabling factors, and
Causes in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation
What is the MAPP framework?
Framework for community health improvement planning at the local level
Strong emphasis on community engagement and collaboration for system-level planning after identifying assets and needs
The MAPP process has six phases: (1) organizing for suc- cess and partnership development, (2) visioning, (3) per- forming the four assessments, (4) identifying strategic issues, (5) formulating goals and strategies, and (6) moving into the action cycle.
What is the CHANGE framework?
Tool for all communities interested in creating social and built environments that support healthy living Focus on gathering and organizing data on community assets to prioritize needs for policy changes
Users complete an action plan
The first three steps focus on gathering and educating the team. Steps 4 through 6 involve gathering, in- putting, and reviewing data from the assessment. The last two steps are the development of an action plan starting with an analysis of the consolidated data.
What is descriptive epi?
who when where
What is analytic epi?
how and why
What is prevalence?
number of existing cases (ex: school nurse discovers 20 cases of measles in middle school, divided by how many in the school=prevalence rate)
What is incidence?
number of new cases in given period of time
What is passive surveillance?
when data is collected after, by mandate, sending the data to the health department
What is active surveillance?
going out and looking for cases, data of a disease under current surveillance
Steps of investigation/surveillance?
- define question
- make predictions
- gather data
- analyze data
- draw conclusions
What are exposure types?
chemical, biological, physical, psychosocial factors
What are chemical exposures?
carbon monoxide, metals, pesticides,
What are biological agents?
bacteria, viruses, molds,
What are physical agents?
heat, cold, radiation
What are psychosocial agents?
real or perceived threats, live in fear
What are environmental risks?
toxins(lead, pesticides, mercury), air pollution(carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide), water pollution(waste, run off-chemicals added to soil)
What does an environmental assessment include?
exposure survey
work history
environmental history
what are ways to reduce environmental risk?
Shift to e-records to avoid paper
Recycle
Promote minimal packaging and green wrappers
Go fragrance free
Turn off equipment not used
Report dysfunctional plumbing
Promote local sustainable foods (organic)
Start a Green Team
Education
Create community
What is IPREPARE?
individual environment exposure risk history.
Investigate potential exposures
Present work
Residence
Environmental concerns
Past work
Activities
Referrals and resources
Educate
What is the EPA?
Regulatory body
Performs environmental assessments, Performs
research, Educates
Sets and enforces national environmental standards
What is MSDS?
under right to know, a document that lists information relating to occupational safety and health for the use of various substances and products.
What are health disparities?
Health disparities are preventable circumstances relating to individuals’ health status based on social factors such as income, ethnicity, education, age and gender.
What is health equity?
Health equity is achieved when every person has the opportunity to “attain his or her full health potential” and no one is “disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of social position or other socially determined circumstances.”
Who is covered by medicare?
over 65, under 65 with end stage renal disease, people under age 65 with certain disabilities.
Who is covered by medicare?
over 65, under 65 with end stage renal disease, people under age 65 with certain disabilities.
Who is covered by medicaid?
Single parents with dependent children
Aged, blind, and disabled
varies by state
What is TennCare?
Tennessee’s medicaid program
What does CHIP cover?
provides health coverage to eligible
children, through both Medicaid and separate CHIP programs.
What does WIC cover?
provides Federal grants to States for supplemental foods, health care referrals, and
nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding
postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age five who are found to be at
nutritional risk.Provides food, information, education, counseling, screening and referrals
to other services
What is an endemic?
constant presence of a disease within a geographic area or a population.
What is a pandemic?
refers to an epidemic occurring worldwide and affecting large populations.
What are examples of foodborne diseases?
salmonella, e coli, gastroenteritis, botulism
What are modes of NCD transmission?
foodborne, waterborne, vectorborne,
What are waterborne illnesses?
Hepatitis A
Bacillary dysentery
Cholera
Typhoid fever
Giardia
What are vectorborne illnesses?
west nile, lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, malaria,
What kind of precautions for measles?
airborne isolation precautions, Airborne transmission so N95, negative pressure room, not entering room after measles-infected people have been in it b/c ridiculously contagious
What are transmission types of HIV/AIDS?
blood,
semen (cum),
pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum),
rectal fluids,
vaginal fluids, and
breast milk.
What are risk factors for STDs?
Younger than 25 years
Member of minority group
Residing in an urban setting
Being impoverished
Using crack cocaine
What are the most common risk factors for NCD?
Nutrition
Physical activity
Tobacco
Alcohol
What are USPSTF recommendations?
recommended immunization
schedules and the Bright
Futures guidelines for
children and adolescents,
provide a comprehensive set
of recommendations for
primary and secondary
preventive services for all
Americans—from infancy
through old age.
What are the steps of disaster management?
Prevention
(Mitigation)
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
What are elements of prevention for disaster management?
increasing surveillance,
improving inspections and airport
security, and strengthening public
health processes such as
immunizations, isolation, and
quarantine
How to recognize anthrax?
A group of small blisters or bumps that may itch.
Swelling can occur around the sore.
A painless skin sore (ulcer) with a black center that appears after the small blisters or bumps. Most often the sore will be on the face, neck, arms, or hand.
How to recognize smallpox?
sores appeared all over the body at the same time (i.e. synchronously) (mostly on the face, arms, and legs, and sometimes on the palms and soles) and all looked the sameSymptoms:
-high fever,
-head and body aches
-sometimes vomiting
How to tell the difference between smallpox and varicella?
Smallpox spots are smaller, the amount of fluid in the pimples is less. Chickenpox blisters look like water bubbles, break easily and cause infection if not kept clean.
How is smallpox transmitted?
direct and fairly prolonged face-to-face contact and can be spread through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated objects such as bedding or clothing.
What is the treatment for smallpox?
brincidofovir (TEMBEXA) for treatment of smallpox
What does the federal public health agencies do?
develop regulations that
implement policies formulated by
Congress and provide a significant
amount of funding to state and territorial
health agencies
Role of state public health agencies?
responsible for monitoring health status and enforcing
laws and regulations that protect and improve the public’s
health. Distribute federal and state funds to local public health
agencies to implement programs at the community level
What are the roles of local public health agencies?
responsibilities vary depending
on the locality and are responsible for
implementing and enforcing local, state,
and federal public health codes and
ordinances and providing essential
public health programs to a community
What is assumption #1 of IW?
defining PHN practice
What is assumption #2?
PHN practice focuses on populations
What is assumption #3?
PHN considers the determinants of health
What is assumption #4?
Priorities identified through community assessment
What is assumption #5?
emphasis on prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary)
What is assumption #6?
PHNs intervene at all levels of practice
What is assumption #7?
PHNs use nursing process in all levels of practice
What is assumption #8?
PHN practice uses a common set of interventions regardless of practice setting (intervention wheel)
What is assumption #9?
PHN practice contributes to achievement of 10 essential services
What is #10?
PHN is grounded in a set of values and beliefs
What are steps in a community assessment?
- assessing need.
- setting goals and objectives.
- developing an intervention.
- implementing the intervention.
- evaluating the results.
What is the change model?
CHANGE is a tool to help a community complete an assessment that not only provides a diagnosis but also ends with the presentation of an action plan. The idea is to create a living document that the community can use to prioritize the health needs of the community and provide a means for structuring community activities around a common goal.
CHANGE focuses on assessment and diagno- sis with evaluation built in as the goal
What is the MAPP model?
includes the full scope of health planning including assessing, diagnosing, devel- oping an intervention, implementing the intervention, and evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention
What is the precede-proceed model?
- Oldest model
- Precede: Predisposing Reinforcing and Enabling factors, and
Causes in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation - Proceed: Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in
Education and Environmental Design
What is the logic model?
Underlying theory that drives design; moves in logical order
What are the steps of the logic model?
- Resources
- Activities
- Outputs
- Outcomes
- Impact
What are challenges PHNs face?
rural public health nurses have limited resources, poor infrastructure, and different health issues from urban areas
What is a centralized health department?
- Operated by state health agency or state board of health
- P H functions under state agency
- Five states use this method
What is a decentralized health department?
- Operated by local government
- No board of health
- 27 states use this method
What is a shared/mixed health department?
- Operated under the shared authority of: -State health agency
- Board of health
- Local government
- 16 states use this system
What is horizontal transmission?
person-to-person spread of infection through one or more of the following four routes: direct/indirect contact, common vehicle, airborne, or vector-borne
What is smallpox?
more pox present on palms and soles of feet, develops slower. 10% mortality rate
What is chickenpox?
more pox on body, rapid development. death uncommon
