Exam #3 Flashcards
Mode of transmission of Rotavirus?
waterborn, foodborne, person to person
How are hepatitis b,c, and d trasmitted?
sexually transmitted ,sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment; or from mother to baby at birth.
What is west nile virus?
vector-borne illness, carried by mosquitoes. Common in
Memphis. Health department will spray in zip codes
where West Nile is detected.
How is e. coli transmitted?
Foodborne/person to person
What is the vector mode of transmission?
arthropods, such as ticks and mosquitoes, or
other invertebrates, such as snails, that transmit the infectious
agent by biting or depositing the infective material near the
host.
What diseases would patients be put in airborne precautions for?
measles, chickenpox, TB
What diseases would patients be put in droplet precautions for?
pertussis, influenza, SARS
What are risk factors for non-communicable dieases?
pollutants. (found in home, work air, water, and ground), behaviors (tobacco, alcohol, nutrition, exercise, obesity), and genetic factors
What is the UPSTF?
The U.S. Preventive
Services Task Force
releases recommendations
for preventive services
based on rigorous review of
the evidence.
How is UPSTF used?
in
combination with the
CDC’s recommended immunization
schedules and the Bright
Futures guidelines for
children and adolescents,
provide a comprehensive set
of recommendations for
primary and secondary
preventive services for all
Americans—from infancy
through old age.
What are examples of clinical preventitive services?
screening tests, immunizations, health behavior counseling, and preventive medications.
What is the burden of disease?
The total significance of disease for society beyond
the immediate cost of treatment. It is measured in
years of life lost to ill health as the difference between
total life expectancy and disability-adjusted life
expectancy”
What are factors to consider for the burden of disease?
Impact of disease on populations
Social and economic impact
Assessment of disease, injury, and risk factors
Disability and premature deaths
What are factors for community preparedness?
Outlining roles of local agencies
Read and understand local disaster plans
Role of health department is on front line of
disaster prevention
Community warning system and evacuation
plans
Emergency Management Agency (EMA)
coordinates with local, state, and federal
agencies
Disaster and mass casualty exercises
Provide the opportunity to test and update
disaster plans
Disaster management training through Red
Cross
What are stress responses in disasters?
Exacerbation of a chronic disease
Older adult’s reactions dependent
on health, strength, mobility,
independence, and income and so
on
Regressive behaviors
Populations at greatest risk after a
disaster
What are stress response in disasters for workers/responders?
Workers at risk for stress reactions
Vicarious traumatization
Degree of workers’ stress depends on the
nature of the disaster, their role in the
disaster, individual stamina, and other
environmental factors
May not recognize the need for self-care
Symptoms may signal need for stress
management assistance
What does anthrax look like?
- A group of small blisters or bumps that may itch.
- Swelling can occur around the sore.
- A painless skin sore (ulcer) with a black center that appears after the small blisters or bumps. Most often the sore will be on the face, neck, arms, or hand.
What are category a biological agents?
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin)
Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Smallpox (variola major)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Viral hemorrhagic fevers, including
Filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg)
Arenaviruses (Lassa, Machupo)
What is universal LOP?
identified populations at risk
What is selective LOP?
specific subgroups at a
higher risk
What is indicated LOP?
subgroups at the highest risk
What is used to treat anthrax?
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
What are the characteristics of an infectious agent?
Infectivity: The ability to enter and multiply in the host.
Pathogenicity: The ability to produce a specific clinical reaction after infection occurs.
Virulence: The ability to produce a severe pathological reaction.
Toxicity: The ability to produce a poisonous reaction.
Invasiveness: The ability to penetrate and spread throughout the tissue.
Antigenicity: The ability to stimulate an immunological response.
What is a fomite?
objects or materials which are likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, and furniture. (paper tissue carrying rhinovirus)
What term is used to describe the first case of an outbreak?
index case
What is active immunity?
the immunity which results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.
What is passive immunity?
A type of immunity that occurs when a person is given antibodies rather than making them through his or her own immune system. For example, passive immunity occurs when a baby receives a mother’s antibodies through the placenta or breast milk.
What are the bacterial STD’s?
gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia
What are the viral STD’s?
HIV, HPV, herpes, hepatitis
What are the stages of HIV?
- Primary infection (within about 1 month of contracting virus)
- Incubation period/ clinical latency (when body shows no symptoms)-Use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has increased survival time
- Symptomatic disease (AIDS)-CD4 T-lymphocyte count less than 200/ml with documented HIV infection-AIDS-related opportunistic infections
What are the 4 main categories of NCD?
- Cardiovascular disease
- Cancers
- Chronic respiratory diseases
- Diabetes
Immunizations suggested for adults:
tetanus:
-Flu
-TDap
-MMR
-Varicella
-Zoster
-HPV
-Pneumococcal
-Hep A and B
-Meningitis
-Meningococcal (A,B,C)
-Hib (haemophilus flu B)
What are the phases of disaster response?
Prevention
(Mitigation)
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
What is an endemic?
refers to the constant presence of a disease within a geographic area or a population.
What is an epidemic?
refers to the occurrence of disease in a community or region in excess of normal expectancy.
What is a pandemic?
refers to an epidemic occurring worldwide and affecting large populations.
What are agents of bioterrorism?
anthrax, smallpox, ebola, plague, tularemia
What are the ways to detect anthrax?
measure antibodies or toxin in blood or test directly for bacillus anthracis in a sample from blood, skin lesion swab, spinal fluid, or respiratory secretions
What are treatments for anthrax?
antibioitcs and antitoxin. for more severe cases, will need hospitalization and possible fluid drainage/ breathing through mechanical ventilation treatments
What is the normal treatment for TB?
2 antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for 6 months. 2 additional antibiotics (pyrazinamide and ethambutol) for the first 2 months of the 6-month treatment period.`
