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BMS 538 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define Physiology

A

The branch of biology that concentrates on studying the normal function of a living organism and its parts.

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2
Q

What does a fertilized egg do?

A

Divides, those cells proliferate, differenciate and self assemble

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3
Q

What is the basic unit of the body?

A

A cell

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4
Q

How many cells do we have?

A

100 trillion

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5
Q

T/F Cells are specialized

A

True

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6
Q

What are cells organized into?

A

Tissues and Organs

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7
Q

What are cells held together by?

A

extra-cellular structures

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8
Q

What do cells require to live?

A 
Water
Oxygen
Ions
amino Acids
Other nutrients
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9
Q

Where do cells obtain their input materials and release their output materials to?

A

Extra cellular fluid

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10
Q

How much of the human body is essentially water?

A

60%

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11
Q

How much of the water that makes up the human body is extracellular fluid?

A

1/3 of 60% water so about 20% of the water is ECF

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12
Q

How much intracellular fluid makes up the fluid in the body?

A

2/3

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13
Q

How is the volume and composition of the ECF controlled?

A

Homeostatic mechanisms

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14
Q

What is critical to maintain life in terms of ECF?

A

The compositon

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15
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

A state of equlibrium within living organisms characterized by the maintainence of nearly constant internal environmental conditions. All organs and tissues participate.

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16
Q

How many Liters of water in a 70 kg male?

A

42 Liters ( 60%)

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17
Q

What makes up the extracellular fluid?

A

Blood Plasma
Intersticial Fluid
Transcellular fluid

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18
Q

How much of the body is intracellular fluid?

A

60% of the water in the body or 25 liters

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19
Q

What mediates the constant mixing of ECF?

A

Blood Plasma

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20
Q

How much of the bodies water is in the blood plasma?

A

7% or 3 L

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21
Q

What is intersticial fluid?

A

fluid in spaces between cells in tissues (fluid inbetween the plama membrane and capillary endothelium)

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22
Q

What makes up intersticial fluid

A 
Bulk intersticial (61.5%)
Bone (7.6 %)
Dense CT (23%)
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23
Q

How much of the bodies water is intersticial fluid?

A

31% (Mostly Bulk intersticial)

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24
Q

What is transcellular fluid?

A

Fluid in spaces surrounded by epithelia (Joint synvial fluid, CSF)

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25
Q

How much of the bodies water is transcellular fluid?

A

1 Liter or 2.38%

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26
Q

Why is there a difference in chemical composition of intracellular aand extracellular fluids?

A

Difference is due to control of transport of these substances accross the plasma membrane.

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27
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

Gastrin into the blood stream

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28
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

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29
Q

What do Mucus Neck cells secrete?

A

Mucus

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30
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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31
Q

What do Enteroendochrine cells (G cells)

Secrete?

A

Gastrin

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32
Q

What lines the gastric pit?

A

Simple columner epithelium with Mucus suface cells

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33
Q

What type of cells are found in the gastric glands?

A

Parietal, Mucus Neck Chief and G cells

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34
Q

What does Submucosal Plexus control?

A

Secretion

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35
Q

What type of transport is used for HCl secretion

A

Active-Protons are pumped out of the cell in exchange for a potassium ion

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36
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction in parietal cells?

A

Carbonic Anydrase-abundant?

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37
Q

How are chloride ions released into the gastric lumen?

A

Diffusion

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38
Q

T/F Choloride and Protons are released seperately into the gastric lumen

A

True!

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39
Q

How is HCl formed in the parietal cell?

A

Via the Carbonic Anyhydrase which is abundant in the pareietal cells

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40
Q

Where are H+ K+ ATPase located in the pareital cells?

A

Apical Membrane that faces the lumen

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41
Q

What provides energy for the outward transport of H+

A

ATPase

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42
Q

What is H+-K+ATPase inhibited by?

A

Omeprazole

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43
Q

What does omeprazole treat?

A

Gastric and duodenal ulcers

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44
Q

What provides energy for the active transport of Cl- across the pareital membrane?

A

The downhill movement of HCO3+

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45
Q

What is the function of HCl?

A
  1. Eliminates ingested bacteria
  2. Facilitates protein digestion
  3. Provides acidic environment essential for the activation and function of pepsin
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46
Q

What stimulates the secretion of gastric HCl?

A

Acetylcholine
Histamine
Gastrin
*through several second messenger systems

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47
Q

What inhibits gastric HCI secretion?

A

Somatostatin

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48
Q

Parasympathetic _____ induces _____ release

A

Parasympathetic Stimulattion induces ACh release

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49
Q

where are the G cells located?

A

The Antrum

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50
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Stimulates HCl and pepsinogen secretion; and motility

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51
Q

What is released from the enterochrochromaffin like cells?

A

Histamine

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52
Q

What is the function of histamine?

A
  • Direct stimulation of HCl
  • Increase the secretion induced by ACh or gastrin
  • It is a paracrine agent
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53
Q

What receptors does Histamine stimulate?

A

H2 receptors on the pareital Cells

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54
Q

What is the function of Cimetidine?

A

It inhibits acid secretion by blocking H2 receptors

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55
Q

What is the most important trigger for pepsinogen secretion?

A

Vagal Stimulation

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56
Q

When is pepsinogen active?

A

Only in a highly acid environment (1.8-3.5)

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57
Q

What is essential for protein digestion in the stomach?

A

HCl and Pepsin

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58
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Breaks down peptide bonds found in proteins

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59
Q

What does intrinsic factor form a complex with?

A

Vitamin B-12

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60
Q

Once a complex forms from vitamin B-12 and Intrinsic facor, what does the complex do?

A

Binds to specific receptors in the ileum and then is absorbed via endocytosis

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61
Q

If someone has undergone abdominal surgery and are intrinsic factor deficient what are they vunerable to?

A

Iron deficiency anemia so they much eat frequently

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62
Q

What is dumping syndrome?

A
  • develops following removal of part of the stomach
  • Anastomosis of the jejunum to the stomach
  • Rapid entry of hypertonic meals into intestine
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63
Q

What is the role of mucus in the stomach

A

Forms a gel like protective barrier butween glandular cells and lumen

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64
Q

Mucus is secreted by ______ and _____ in the ___ and _____ regions of the stomach

A

Mucus is secreted by Mucus Neck Cells and surface epithelial cells in the body and fundus regions of the stomach.

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65
Q

How often do epithelial cells get replaced?

A

every 3-6 days

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66
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase of digestive regulation?

A
  1. Somatostain inhibits gatrin secretion

2. Vagus nerve inhibits the release of Somatostatin

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67
Q

What kickstarts the cephalic phase?

A

Sight, smell, or presence of food in the mouth

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68
Q

What mediates the cephalic phase?

A

Vagus nerves originate in the medulla oblongota

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69
Q

What initiates the cephalic phase secretion?

A

Stimulation of the enteric neurons by vagal fibers

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70
Q

What directly stimulates the pareital,mucus, and chief cells during the cephalic phase?

A

the post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers

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71
Q

What do the post ganglioic parasympathetic indirectly stimulate during the cephalic phase?

A

G cells by inducing gastrin

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72
Q

What are the primary stimuli of the gastric phase?

A

Distention of the stomach
Gradual increase in the pH of gastric contents
Presence of protein breakdown products

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73
Q

What senses elevated pH during the gastric phase?

A

Chemoreceptors

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74
Q

What senses distention of the stomach during the gastric phase?

A

Stretch Receptors

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75
Q

Wat do the stretch receptors and chemoreceptors send the signal to?

A

Submucosal and Myenteric Plexuses

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76
Q

What occurs during the intestinal phase?

A

Enterogastric reflex

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77
Q

What elicits the intestinal phase?

A

Entry of acidic chyme into the duodenum

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78
Q

what is the purpose of the intestinal phase?

A

Control the rate of gastric emptying (enterogastric reflex)

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79
Q

What happens during the enterogastric reflex?

A

The duodenum sends inhibitory signals to the stomach by way of both the nervous and hormonal reflexes

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80
Q

what is acid, pepsin secretion and gastric motility inhibited by in the intestinal phase?

A

the presence of

fat, carbs, acid, etc. in the duodenum

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81
Q

What triggers the enterogastric reflex?

A

Distention of the stomach

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82
Q

What type of secretions are secreted during the intestinal phase for protection?

A

Mucus- from acid and enzymes

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83
Q

What inhibits gastric secretions in the stomach?

A

Duodenal secretion
CCK
GIP

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84
Q

Stomach emptying is ________ by the _____ _______,_______ and _____ in the duodenum.

A

Stomach emptying is inhibited by the enterogastric reflex, enterogastrones and fat in the duodenum.

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85
Q

What regulates gastric emptying?

A

Hormonal and Neuronal Reflexes

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86
Q

What do duodenal entero-endocrine cells secrete in the presence of fatty, hypertonic, acidic chyme in the duodenum?

A

Enterogastrones (CCK, Secretin, VIP)

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87
Q

What happens when enterogastrones (Hormones) such as Secretin, CCK and VIP are secreted?

A

Contractile force and rate of stomach emptying decline

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88
Q

What do chemoreceptors and stretch receptors target in the presence of fatty, hypertonic and acidic chyme in the duodenum?

A

Enteric neurons via short reflexes and CNS centers(SNS activity(kickstarted) and parasympathetic activity) via long reflexes

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89
Q

As a result of enterogastrone secretion, enteric neuron stimulation and CNS stimulation what happens in terms of the intestinal phase?

A

Contractile force and rate of gastric emptying decline

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90
Q

What activates the cephalic phase?

A

prior to food entry

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91
Q

What activates the gastric phase?

A

Food Enters the Stomach

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92
Q

What activates the intestinal phase?

A

Partially digested food enters the duodenum

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93
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion regulation?

A

Cephalic, Gastric and Intestinal

94
Q

Myentric Plexus is located ______

A

1

95
Q

G Cells are located mainly in the _____

A

1

96
Q

Secretion of HCl is stimulated by the _____

A

1

97
Q

The major inhibitory mechanism of HCl is ______

A

1

98
Q

The stimuli for the cephalic phase include _____ and _____ & _____.

A

Sight, Smell and presence of food in the mouth

99
Q

Gastrin Stimulates ____,_____, and ____.

A

1

100
Q

Pareital Cells secrete _____ and _____.

A

1

101
Q

Pancreas facilates the process of _____ and ______

A

Absorbtion and digestion

102
Q

What are the two components that the exocrine juice consists of?

A

Aqueous and Enzyme component

103
Q

What does the aqueous component of the exocrine juice consist of?

A

HCO-

104
Q

What is the function of the aqueous part of the exocrine juice?

A

Facilitates neutralization of duodenal contents

105
Q

what does secretin elicit?

A

bicarbonate secretion

106
Q

What does the enzyme portion of exocrine juice consit of?

A

Enzymes that aid in digestion of proteins, carbs and fats

107
Q

What promotes the secretion of the enzyme component of the exocrine juice?

A

CCK

108
Q

Where is the endocrine portion located in the pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans

109
Q

What percent of total volume is the endocrine secretion in the pancreas?

A

Less than 2%

110
Q

What hormones are secreted by the endocrine cells?

A

Insulin, Glucagon. somatostatin

111
Q

What structures/Cells are found in the pancreas?

A

Acini (dark clusters)-99%

Islets of Langerhans (1%)-Pale Stain

112
Q

What do the acini produce?

A

Pancreatic Juice

113
Q

What do the islets of langerhan produce?

A

Hormones

114
Q

What secretes the enzymic component of pancreatic juice?

A

Acini

115
Q

Where does the duodenum fuse with the bile duct?

A

The hepatopancreatic ampulla

116
Q

What controls the entry of pancreatic juice and bile?

A

Sphincter of Oddi (hepatopancreatic sphincter)

117
Q

What is pancreatic juice made of?

A

water
Enzymes
Bicarbonate Ions

118
Q

What releases bicarbonate ions in the pancreatic juice from the pancreas?

A

Small Ducts (make it alkaline —pH 8

119
Q

What does Bile, intestinal and pancreatic secretion allow for?

A

neutralization of the acidic doudenal contents

120
Q

What does the enzyme component of the pancreastic juice do?

A

Produces complete breakdown of food

121
Q

What enzymes are found in the enzyme rrich portion of the pancretic juice?

A

Major proteases:
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

122
Q

What is enteropeptidase?

A

A brush border enzyme that is involved in the activation of trypsinogen

123
Q

What does the trypsin inhibitor do?

A

prevents premature activation of proenzymes in the pancreatic ducts

124
Q

What promotes the release of pancretic juice neurally?

A

Vagal stimulation during the cephalic and intestinal phases of gastric secretion

125
Q

What does the CCK do?

A
  • induces the secretion of enzyme rich pancreatic juice

- Stimulates gallbladder to release stored bile

126
Q

What does secretin do?

A
  • Causes secretion of bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice
  • It also acts on the liver to secrete more bile
  • Inhibits gastric motility and gastrin mediated effects on pareital cells
127
Q

T/F secretion is rich in enzymes

A

False! It is poor in enzymes

128
Q

What is secretin secreted by?

A

S Cells of the duodenum

129
Q

What is secretin secreted in response to?

A

H+ and fatty acids in the lumen of the duodenum

130
Q

What cells does secretin act on?

A

Ductal cells that then produces alkaline rich pancreatic juice

131
Q

What is CCK secreted by?

A

I Cells in the duodenum

132
Q

What is CCK released in response to?

A

Fatty Acids
Peptides
Amino Acids

133
Q

What is the Function of CCK?

A
  1. Stimulation of the secretion of enzyme rich pancreatic juice
  2. Potentiates the stimulatory effects of secretin (secredtion of bicarb)
  3. Stimulates the gall bladder to releaase stored bile
134
Q

Where is Gastrin Found?

A

Stomach

135
Q

What stimulates the secretion of gastrin?

A
  1. Food in the Stomach

2. ACH released by nerve fibers

136
Q

What is the action of gastrin?

A
  1. Stimulates the release of gastric juice

2. Stimulates Stomach Emptying

137
Q

Where is intestinal gastrin found?

A

Duodenum

138
Q

what is the stimulus for intestinal gastrin secretion?

A

Acidic food in the stomach

139
Q

What is the action od intestinal gastrin?

A

Stimulates gastrin emptying and emptying

140
Q

Where is Histamine Hormone found?

A

Stomach

141
Q

What is the stimulus for histamine secretion?

A

Food in the stomach

142
Q

What is the action of histamine?

A

Activates pareital cells to secrete HCl

143
Q

Where is the hormone somatostatin found?

A

Stomach and Duodenum

144
Q

What is the stimulus for Somatostatin secretion?

A

Food in the stomach stimulated by sympathetic nerve fibers

145
Q

What is the action of somatostatin?

A
  1. Inhibits secretion of gastric and pancreatic juice
  2. Inhibits emptying of stomach and gallbladder
    (Braking mechanism)
146
Q

Where is Secretin,CCK

and Gastric Inhibitory peptide found?

A

Duodenum

147
Q

What is the stimulus for secretin secretion?

A

Acidic chyme and partially digested foods in the duodenum

148
Q

What is the action of secretin?

A
  1. Increases Output of pancretic juice rich in bicarb ions
  2. Increases Bile Output by liver
  3. Inhibits gastric motility and gastric gland secretion
149
Q

What is the stimulus for CCK secretion?

A

Fatty Chyme and partially digested proteins in the duodenum

150
Q

What is the action of CCK?

A
  1. Increases Output of enzyme rich pancreatic juice
  2. Stimulates gallbladder to expel stored bile
  3. Releases Sphinctor of duodenal papilla to allow bile and pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum
151
Q

What is the stimulus for Gastric Inhibitory peptide?

A

Fatty Chyme in the duodenum

152
Q

What is an important brush border enzyme for carbohydrate digestion?

A

Na-Glucose Cotransporter (same direction)

153
Q

What carbohydrate is transported via facilitated diffusion at the apical membrane in the small intestine?

A

Fructose

154
Q

How do Glucose and Galactose get through the apical membrane in the small intestine?

A

A cotransporter (sodium glucose transporter) SGLT1

155
Q

How do glucose, fructose and galactose all cross the basolateral membrane?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

156
Q

What does pepsin do in the Stomach?

A

Hydrolyzes proteins into peptides

157
Q

What two molecules digest proteins in the stomach?

A

HCl-denatures

Pepsin-Hydrolyzes

158
Q

How are proteins digested in the pancreas?

A

Digestive Enzymes and Brush Border Enzymes

159
Q

How do digestive enzymes digest protein?

A

Split peptide bonds between different amino acids

160
Q

How do brush border enzymes digest proteins?

A

(Carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase) split off amino acid at amino end of molecule or split dipeptide

161
Q

How are lipids digested?

A

Lipase and Colipse break down triglycerides into A monoglyceride and free fatty acid

162
Q

What are the breakdown products of Lipases?

A

Monoglyceride and Free Fatty Acid

163
Q

Explain the Mechanism of Lipid Digestion

A
  1. Large fat droplets from stomach are coated with bile salts from the liver and are emulsified
  2. Pancreatic lipse and colipase break down fats into momoglycerides and fatty acids stored in micelles
  3. Monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles and enter cells by diffusion
164
Q

What is a property of bile salts?

A

Ampiphic (hydrophobic and hydrophilic ) property

165
Q

How do fatty acids and monoglycerides enter intestinal cells?

A

Diffusion

166
Q

After fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the intestinal cell what are they combined with?

A

Triglycerides, cholesterol

proteins to form chylomichrons

167
Q

How are chylomicrons extruded?

A

Exocytosis

168
Q

After extrusion what happens to chlylomicrons?

A

They enter lacteals and are transported to the circulation via lymph

169
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system?

A
  1. Production of the oocyte (Female Gamete-most important)
  2. Providing the environment for the acceptance of spermatozoa and for the fertilization of the ovum.
  3. Providing the environment for the growth and nutrition of the fetus.
  4. To give birth at the appropriate time
170
Q

The reproductive tract of a female is a ______ system that starts with the ____ and ______ and ends at the ______

A

is a tubular system that starts with the ovary and infundibulum and ends at vulva

171
Q

The Ovary produces and releases _____.

A

oocytes

172
Q

The ovary is a Endocrine/exocrine gland that secretes ____ and _______.

A

Estrogen and progesterone

173
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

is a funnel-like ending of uterine tube that catches the oocyte that was released from ovary.

174
Q

What captures the oocyte?

A

Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)

175
Q

Where does fertilization occur in the female?

A

Ampulla of the oviduct

176
Q

What is the uterine wall made of?

A

Endomeitrium and myometrium

177
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

a tube that transports the egg to the uterus.

178
Q

Where does fertization occur?

A

Oviduct-just past the infundibulum

179
Q

The cervix is a _____

A

sphinctor

180
Q

Entrance to the vagina is called the _____

A

Vestibule (Covered by the hymen)

181
Q

Clitirous has ______

A

somatosensory innervation

182
Q

What is the wall of the oviduct made of?

A

Walls contain smooth muscles, cells with cilia and secretory cells. These components assist the support and transport of sperm and egg.

183
Q

What are the three parts of the uterus?

A
  1. Two horns
  2. Body
  3. Cervix
184
Q

What happens in the body of the uterus?

A

Development of the fetus

185
Q

What holds the uterus in place?

A

Broad ligament

186
Q

What are the basic units of female reproduction?

A

Follicles

187
Q

The medulla of the ovary is ____

A

highly vascular

188
Q

Females are born with ovaries that contain a finite number of ______ _______.

A

Primordial follicles

189
Q

What is contained within each primordial follicle?

A

primary oocyte

190
Q

What cells secrete estrogen?

A

Granulosa cells

191
Q

What hormone triggers ovulation?

A

A surge of lutenizing hormone

192
Q

What does progesterone inhibit

A

GnRH and gonadotropins

193
Q

What is an important function of progesterone?

A

inhibits ovulation

194
Q

What are the two layers of the endomeitrium?

A
  1. basalis

2. Functionalis

195
Q

What happens at Phase 0 of ventricular muscle action potential?

A

Depolarization)- Fast Na+ channels open, then slow Ca++ (Straight Line going up)

196
Q

What happens at Phase 1 of ventricular muscle action potential?

A

(Slight Repolarization)- K+ channels open

Apex of Graph

197
Q

What happens at Phase 2 of ventricular muscle action potential?

A

(Plateau)- Slow Ca++ channels open, decreased permeability to K+

198
Q

What happens at Phase 3 of ventricular muscle action potential?

A

(Repolarization) K+ channels open

Straight line going down

199
Q

What happens at Phase 4 of ventricular muscle action potential?

A

(Resting membrane potential- (-85 to -95 mV))

200
Q

What are the Two Phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Phase 1: Ventricular Systole (Contaction of the ventricle myocardium)
Phase 2: Diastole (Relaxation of ventricular myocardium)

201
Q

What steps are in Phase 1 of the Cardiac Cycle?

A
  1. Isovolumic Contraction

2. Ventricular Ejection

202
Q

What steps are in the Diastole Phase of the cardiac Cycle?

A
  1. Isovolumic Relaxion
  2. Rapid Inflow
  3. Diastasis
  4. Atrial Systole (Atrial Contraction)
203
Q

What happens to ventricular pressure during Isovolumic Contraction?

A

Ventricular Pressure Rises Rapidly and AV valves close

204
Q

What happens to ventricular Volume during Isovolumic Contraction?

A

There is not a change in volume (no emptying occurs

205
Q

Are the valves open or closed during isovolumic contraction?

A

All 4 are CLOSED

206
Q

What do you hear during isovolumic contraction?

A

The S1 sound (Lubb)

207
Q

What makes the S1 sound?

A

AV valves snapping shut

208
Q

What happens to left ventricular pressure during Ventricular Ejection in Phase 1 (Systole)?

A

When left ventricular pressure rises slightly above 80 mmhg the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected

209
Q

What happens to right ventricular pressure during Ventricular Ejection?

A

Right ventricular pressure is less than pulmonary trunk

210
Q

When does the T wave occur during the cardiac cycle?

A

During the Ventricular Ejection phase right before

211
Q

What happens to right ventricular pressure during Ventricular Ejection in Phase 1 (Systole)?

A

When the right ventricular pressure rises slightly above 20 mmHG (book = 8 mmhg), the pulmonary semilunar valves open and blood is ejected.

212
Q

During ventricular ejection, which volume can you measure?

A

End Systolic Volume (Volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after systole should be 50 ml)

213
Q

What happens to aortic pressure during Ventricular Ejection in Phase 1 (Systole)?

A

Starts increasing during systole and aortic valve opens after that and then it begins to decrease

214
Q

What happens to Atrial pressure during ventricular ejection?

A

c wave which is a slight backflow into the aorta

215
Q

During the Isovolumic relaxion phase of diastole what happens to ventricular volume?

A

Does not change

216
Q

During the Isovolumic relaxion phase of diastole, are any valves open?

A

No all are closed

217
Q

When do we hear the S2 (Dupp) sound in the cardiac cycle?

A

During Isovolumic relaxation

218
Q

What is the Dupp (S2) sound?

A

The semilunar valves closing

219
Q

What causes the semilunar valves to close during isovolumic relaxation?

A

Pressure decrease in the ventricles and blood flow back into ventricles

220
Q

During the Rapid Inflow phase of Diastole what happens to ventricular volume?

A

It increases

221
Q

what is the verntricular pressure during the rapid inflow stage?

A

It is low

222
Q

What happens during the rapid inflow stage of diastole?

A
  1. AV-Valves open and ventricles fill rapidly

1. Blood flows from great vein to atria (80% of it)

223
Q

What happens to atrial pressure during rapid inflow of ventricles?

A

A v wave occurs at the end of ventricular contraction (isovolumic relaxtion phase) and atrial pressure does not change

224
Q

What happens to aortic pressure during the rapid inflow stage of diastole?

A

After aortic valve closes an incirsura occurs because back flow stops suddenly toward the left ventricle

225
Q

During diastole, what is happening to aortic pressure?

A

It decreases slowly due to elasticity of the aorta plus blood fllow to periphery

226
Q

What wave occurs during diastasis?

A

P Wave

227
Q

What happens during diastasis?

A

A small amount of blood passively flows into the ventricles

228
Q

What occurson the ECG? during atrial systole

A

QRS complex

229
Q

What happens to ventricular volume during atrial systole?

A

It increases by 20%

120 mL at end of diastole

230
Q

What happens to ventricular pressure during atrial systole?

A

It increases slightly

231
Q

what happens to atrial pressure during atrial systole?

A
  1. Atria contract causing a wave
  2. Ventricles fill by 20%
  3. Atria function as a primer pump and ventricles are 20% more effective
232
Q

What happens to Aortic Pressure during atrial systole?

A

Decreases slightly

BMS 538 (8 decks)

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