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Infosys 110 > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Enterprise architecture definition

A

The plans for how a business will build, deploy, use and share its data, processes and IT assets.

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2
Q

Enterprise architecture principles

A
  1. Ease of use
  2. Speed and quality
  3. Buy over build
  4. Flexibility (ability to change) and agility (how fast the change can be)
  5. Innovative
  6. Data security
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3
Q

Common architectures

A
  1. Centralised / mainframe architecture
  2. Decentralised / server-based architecture
  3. Service oriented / web-based architecture
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4
Q

Issues in enterprise architecture

A
  1. Understanding existing architecture
  2. Designing for scalability
  3. Designing for security
  4. Assessing strategic timeframe
  5. Designing for standardisation
  6. Cost
  7. Designing for adaptability
  8. Designing for maintainability
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5
Q

Databases

A

Store operational / transactional information which is then transformed into analytical information

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6
Q

Causes of bad data

Garbage in => Garbage out

A
  1. Innacurate information
  2. Different standards around the world
  3. Abbreviations
  4. bad sources or fabricated data
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7
Q

Lenses to judge high-quality information

A
  1. Accuracy
  2. Timeliness
  3. Completeness
  4. Uniqueness
  5. Consistency
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8
Q

Databases definition

A

A database is an organised collection of logically related data (not necessarily electronic)

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9
Q

The data hierarchy

A

Database; then below
Table; then below
Record; then below
Field

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10
Q

Relational databases

A

The most popular way to store information is to use a relational database - can be represented using an Entity Relationship Diagram

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11
Q

Database management systems

A

A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to user databases

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12
Q

To use data for internet of things:

A
  1. Integrate isolated systems together

2. Get insight from that data

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13
Q

A data warehouse

A

A logical collection of information gathered from many different operational databases, that support business analysis activities and decision-making tasks. This gives you a single version of truth.

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14
Q

How to create a data warehouse:

A

ETL (Extract, Transform (cleanse), Load)

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15
Q

General characteristics of a data warehouse

A
  1. Subject oriented - when we create a data warehouse we generally want to improve something so for example we might collect all our sales data in one place
  2. Integrated between systems
  3. Time variant (i.e. has historical dividers)
  4. Non-volatile (the data doesn’t change)
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16
Q

Categories of data analysis for insights:

A
  1. OLAP (online analytical processing) tools to slice and dice data - kind of like a pivot table
  2. Data mining - the process of analysing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone.
  3. Data visualisation
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17
Q

Data mining tools to uncover business intelligence - unsupervised learning

A
  1. Cluster analysis - a technique used to divide an information set into mutually exclusive groups such that the members of each group are as close together as possible to one another and the different groups are as far apart as possible.
  2. Association detection - reveals the degree to which variables are related and the nature and frequency of these relationships in the information e.g. shopping cart
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18
Q

Hardware, software, networks definitions

A 
Hardware = the physical components of the systems that physically enable it to operate
Software = the intangible element of the system or the brain of the system
Networks = the communication of the physical hardware components
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19
Q

Naming of software

A

SEE TUTORIAL

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20
Q

Moore’s law

A

The number of transistors on a chip will double approximately every two years (exponentially more powerful)

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21
Q

Networks

A

A communication mechanism created by:

  1. Linking two or more devices
  2. Establishing a protocol by which they can exchange data (protocol means communication language)
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22
Q

Wired links vs wireless links

A

Note that all links are physical - even if using radiowaves

Wired: faster, more reliable, better safety and security - broadcasting through the air makes it vulnerable to hacking

Wireless: more flexibility and ability to connect from wherever

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23
Q

Sustaining vs Disruptive technologies

A

Sustaining: the technology is faster, more stable, better features - the competitive advantage of the businesses that use this technology stays the same

Disruptive: Creates a new way of doing things that initially may not meet needs of existing customers e.g. smartphones. they 1) redefine the competitive playing fields of their markets and 2) tend to open new markets and destroy old ones

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24
Q

Internet of things

A

The network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to communicate and interact with their internal states or the external environment

Include: 1. Things e.g. sensors 2. Gateway or smartphone 3. Cloud or internet

25
Q

Business applications of IoT

A

1) Automation and Control
a) Process optimisation - automated control of closed systems e.g. temperature control
b) Optimised resource consumption
c) Complex autonomous systems - open environments

2) Information and Analysis
a) Tracking behaviour
b) Enhanced situational awareness
c) Sensor driven decision analytics (assisting human decision making through deep analysis and data visualisation)

26
Q

Challenges for IoT

A

1) Scale
2) Security
3) Ethical issues

e.g. Addressing - IP addresses
Bulk data collection / storage
Connectivity
Legacy Infrastructure

27
Q

Social computing

A

Social computing combines social behaviour and information systems to create value. - users manage the content via interactive communications and collaboration

e.g. social marketplaces, social media, social marketing as well

28
Q

Crowdsourcing

A

Outsourcing business functions to an undefined group of people in the form of an open call e.g. Work like Mechanical Turk or Funding like crowdfunding

Issue: Quality control

29
Q

Issue with social computing

A

Privacy “the age of privacy is over” Mark Zuckerberg

30
Q

Sustainability, sustainable development, sustainable business

A

Sustainability: the capacity to endure

Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Sustainable business: A business that generates profit while improving societal and environmental conditions

31
Q

Ethics definition and four frameworks

A

Ethics: The standards of right and wrong

Utilitarian approach
Rights approach
Fairness approach
Common good approach

32
Q

Making ethical decisions:

A

Recognise the issue => get the facts => evaluate alternatives (this is where we use the ethical frameworks above) => make a choice => reflect on your decision

33
Q

The pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility

A

Philanthropic responsibilities; then below

Ethical responsibilities; then below

Legal responsibilities; then below

Economic responsibilities

34
Q

Information security definition

A

The protection of information systems from accidental or intentional misuse by persons inside or outside an organisation

35
Q

Four threats:

A

1) Hackers (white and black hat)
2) Viruses (Denial of service attack; Trojan horse virus; backdoor programs; polymorphic virus, stuxnet)
3) Social engineering
4) Phishing

36
Q

Risk management responses

A

1) Mitigate (internal controls)
2) Accept
3) Transfer (insurance)
4) Avoid (do not engage in the activity that produces the risk)

37
Q

Security controls

A

Confidentiality (only authorised people can view the information)

Availability (data cannot be modified without notification)

Integrity (data has to be available and useful at all times)

38
Q

Security controls

A

Confidentiality (only authorised people can view the information)

Availability (data cannot be modified without notification)

Integrity (data has to be available and useful at all times)

39
Q

Effective authentication

A

Uses at least two of the following:

1) Something the user Knows
2) Something the user Has
3) Something that is Part of the user

e.g. two factor authentication uses two of these (has and knows)

40
Q

Systems development lifecycle

A 
Business need; then
Systems investigation; then
Systems analysis; then
Systems design; then
Programming and testing; then
Implementation; then
Operations and maintenance
41
Q

Systems development methodology

A

Traditional: Waterfall - sequential

Modern: Agile

42
Q

Agile methodology

A

1) Rapid Application Development
2) RUP
3) Scrum (small teams and sprints)

43
Q

Successful software quality evaluation

A

FURPS
Functionality (what the system actually does)
Usability (ease of use, attractiveness)
Reliability
Performance (lag and speed)
Supportability (maintenance - how easy is it to upgrade software or fix bugs?)

44
Q

General vs Narrow AI

A

Narrow AI: can only do specific tasks

general AI would be able to solve general problems - not possible at the moment

45
Q

AI characteristics

A

1) Narrow AI
2) Imitation
3) Adaptive
4) Autonomous

note: complexities of quantity of data and ethical issues (e.g. self driving cars)

46
Q

Project

A

Temporary endeavour with a defined beginning and end, undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about added value

47
Q

Successful project

A

A project that is On-time, Within budget, meets Business requirements, and Satisfies the customer’s needs

48
Q

Project management

A

The application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements

49
Q

Deliverable

A

Any measurable, tangible, verifiable outcome, result or item that is produced to complete a project

50
Q

Milestone

A

Represents key dates when a certain group of activities must be performed

51
Q

Project manager

A

An individual who is an expert in project planning and management

52
Q

Project management process

A

1) Initiation (high level)
2) Planning and design (detail)
a) Executing
b) Monitoring and controlling
c) perhaps more planning and design depending on a and b
3) Closing (success or kill)

53
Q

Project management techniques

A

1) Draw up project plan
2) Balance triple constraints
3) Manage soft issues

54
Q

Draw up project plan

A

A project plan is a formal approved document used to manage and control project execution. should:

a) Be easy to understand and read
b) Communicated to all key participants (including stakeholders)
c) Appropriate to project’s size, complexity and criticality
d) Prepared by the team (rather than individual project manager)

55
Q

Balancing triple constraints on quality

A

1) Time
2) Money
3) Scope (functional requirements)

they can substitute each other to some extent

56
Q

Balancing triple constraints on quality

A

1) Time
2) Money
3) Scope (functional requirements)

they can substitute each other to some extent

57
Q

The soft issues

A

1) Managing people
2) Managing communications
3) Managing charge

58
Q

Outsourcing benefits

A

1) Cutting costs
2) Access to new resources
3) Expertise
4) Flexibility

Infosys 110 (2 decks)

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