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Human Behavior > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Multidimensional

A

having several identifiable dimensions

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2
Q

Dimension

A

feature that can be focused on separately, but cannot be understood without considering other features

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3
Q

Multidimensional behavior

A

behavior that develops as a result of many causes

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4
Q

Linear Time

A

time ordered like a straight line from past through present and into the future

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5
Q

Time Orientation

A

the extent to which individuals and collectives are invested in the three temporal zones, past present and future

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6
Q

Globalization

A

process by which the world’s people are becoming more interconnected economically, politically, environmentally, and culturally

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7
Q

Heterogeneity

A

individual-level variation, or differences among individuals

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8
Q

Diversity

A

refers to patterns of group difference

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9
Q

Privilege

A

unearned advantage

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10
Q

Hypotheses

A

tentative statements to be explored and tested, not facts to be applied

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11
Q

Science

A

scientific inquiry, a set of logical, systemic, and documented methods for answering questions about the world

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12
Q

Theory

A

an interrelated set of concepts and propositions, organized into a deductive system, that explains relationships among aspects of our world

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13
Q

Concepts

A

building blocks of theory; symbols or mental images that summarize observations, feelings, or ideas

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14
Q

Propositions

A

assertions, theoretical assumptions put together

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15
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

general, abstract propositions, organized into a deductive system, that explains relationships among aspects of our world

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16
Q

Assumptions

A

beliefs held to be true without testing on proof

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17
Q

Objective Reality

A

exists outside a person’s consciousness

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18
Q

Subjective Reality

A

does not exist outside a person’s consciousness

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19
Q

Determinism

A

determined by forces beyond the control of the person

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20
Q

Voluntarism

A

people are free and proactive agents in the creation of their behavior

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21
Q

Empirical Research

A

careful, purposeful, and systematic observation of events with the intent to note and record them in terms of their attributes, to look for patterns in those events, and to make our methods and observations public

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22
Q

Positive Perspective

A

world has an order that can be discovered, findings of one study should be applicable to other groups, complex phenomena can be studied by reducing them to some component part; findings are tentative and subject to question, and scientific methods are value-free

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23
Q

Interpretist Perspective

A

assumption that reality is based on people’s definitions of it; research should focus on learning the meanings that people give to their situations

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24
Q

Quantitative Method

A

use quantifiable measures of concepts, standardize collection of data, attend only to preselected variables, and use statistical measures to look for patterns and associations

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25
Q

Qualitative Methods

A

flexible and experiential; designed to capture how participants view social life rather than ask participants to respond to categories preset by the researcher

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26
Q

Post-Positivism

A

philosophical position that recognizes the complexity of reality and the limitations of human observers; scientists can never develop more than a partial understanding of human behavior

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27
Q

Critical Thinking

A

thoughtful and reflective judgment about alternative views and contradictory information

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28
Q

Systems Perspective

A

human behavior is the outcome of interactions within and among systems of interrelated parts

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29
Q

Boundary

A

indicates what parts of system are in or out

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30
Q

Feedback Mechanisms

A

processes that use the conditions of one component to regulate the functions of another, or by which outputs of the system are fed back as inputs in a circular manner

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31
Q

Conflict Perspective

A

emphasizes conflicts that arise because of inequalities in distribution of resources

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32
Q

Critical Perspective

A

emphasizes conflicts that arise because of inequalities in distribution of resources

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33
Q

Critical Theorists

A

argue that as capitalism underwent change, people were more likely to be controlled by culture than by work position

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34
Q

Critical Race Theory

A

to draw attention to racial oppression in law and society; questioning why racism persists in spite of civil rights laws; rejected liberal position that racism is only relic of the past carried forward by poorly educated or troubled individuals; consider it an ordinary and normal part of contemporary society, and calls attention to microaggressions

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35
Q

Feminist Theories

A

focus on male domination of the major institutions and present a vision of a just world based on gender equality

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36
Q

Intersectionality Theory

A

recognizes vectors of oppression and privilege, including not only gender, but also race, class, global location, sexual orientation, and age

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37
Q

Empowerment Theories

A

focus on process that individuals and collectivities can use to recognize patterns of inequality and injustice, and take action to increase their own power

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38
Q

Exchange and Choice Perspective

A

focuses on the process by which individual and collective actors seek and exchange resources and the choices made in pursuit of those resources

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39
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

an interaction in which resources are exchanged is considered the core process in social life

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40
Q

Reciprocity

A

receiving resources requires giving resources of relatively equal value

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41
Q

Social Network Theory

A

exchange networks in which actors linked together both directly and indirectly interact through exchange relationships

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42
Q

Social Capital

A

direct and indirect connections to others that are potential sources of a number of types of resources

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43
Q

Social Constructionist Perspective

A

how people construct meaning, a sense of self, and a social world through their interactions with each other

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44
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

how internal processes such as needs, drives, and emotions motivate human behavior

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45
Q

Developmental Perspective

A

how human behavior unfolds across the life course, how people change and stay the same over trime

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46
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

human behavior is learned as individuals interact with their environments

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47
Q

Classical Conditioning Theory

A

behavior is learned through association, when a naturally occurring stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) is paired with a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus)

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48
Q

Operant Conditioning Theory

A

behavior develops as a result of reinforcement; behavior is learned as it is strengthened or weakened by reinforcement (rewards and punishments) it receives, or the consequences of the behavior

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49
Q

Cognitive Social Learning Theory

A

behavior is learned by imitation, observation, beliefs, and expectations; cognitive behavioral theory

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50
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

sense of personal competence

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51
Q

Efficacy Expectation

A

expectation that one can personally accomplish a goal

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52
Q

Agency

A

capacity to intentionally make things happen (personal agency, proxy agency, collective agency)

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53
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

a person’s prior experience with environmental forces has led to low selfefficacy and expectations of efficacy; people in nondominant positions are particularly vulnerable

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54
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

includes humanistic psychology and existential psychology; emphasizes the individual’s freedom of action and search for meaning

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55
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

suggests that higher needs cannot emerge in full motivational force until lower needs have been at least partially satisfied (Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs)

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56
Q

Positive Psychology

A

scientific study of people’s strengths and virtues, and promotes optimal functioning of individuals and communities

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57
Q

Phenomenal Self

A

individual’s subjectively felt and interpreted experience of “who I am”

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58
Q

Nervous System

A

provides structure and processes for multiway communication of sensory, perceptual, and autonomically generated information throughout the body

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59
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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60
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

spinal and cranial nerves

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61
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

nerves controlling cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory systems

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62
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

motor behavior, expressive language, social functioning, concentration and ability to attend, reasoning and thinking, orientation to time, place and person

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63
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

language, memory, emotions

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64
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

intellectual processing, integration of sensory information, verbal processing, visual spatial processing

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65
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision

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66
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell, basic working unit of nervous subsystems

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67
Q

Axon

A

conduction fiber of a neuron

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68
Q

Synapse

A

gap between axon and dendrites, where chemical and electrical neurotransmitters communicate

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69
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical and electrical communications that pass through synapses

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70
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

ability of the brain to change its structure and patterns of activity in significant ways throughout life

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71
Q

Endocrine System

A

plays crucial role in growth, metabolism, learning and memory; comprised of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream that target organs

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72
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

disease of metabolism involving glucose/insulin levels; associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and particular races or ethnicities

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73
Q

Immune System

A

made up of organs and cells commonly thought of as working in tandem as the body’s defensive team to eliminate antigens

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74
Q

Antigens

A

foreign substances such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, and other toxins that threaten health

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75
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV)

A

virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

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76
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

disease of blood cells transmitted through direct bodily fluid contact

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77
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

immune system mistakenly directs fury at parts of interior environment it was designed to protect ie rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, lupus

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78
Q

Nonspecific Immunity

A

how the immune system responds to antigens in nonspecific ways ie phagocytosis

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79
Q

Specific Immunity

A

how the immune system responds to antigens in specific ways, acquired immunity

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80
Q

Specific Immunity

A

how the immune system responds to antigens in specific ways, acquired immunity

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81
Q

Lymphocytes

A

type of small white blood cell that plays a role in defending the body against disease

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82
Q

Antibodies

A

produced by lymphocytes; protein molecules that attach to surface of specific invaders to fight off specific antigens

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83
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

comprised of the heart and blood circulatory system

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84
Q

Atria

A

comprised of the heart and blood circulatory system

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85
Q

Ventricles

A

two lower thick-walled chamber of the heart; pumps that initiate blood circulation to the lungs and throughout the body

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86
Q

Blood Pressure

A

measure of pressure of the blood against the wall of a blood vessel

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87
Q

High Blood Pressure (hypertension)

A

leading cause of stroke, risk factor for heart attacks and kidney failure, many people experience without symptoms

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88
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

comprised of muscles attached to bone and cross a joint; contraction and relaxation are basis for voluntary movement

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89
Q

Assistive Devices

A

products designated by medical community to help an impaired person to communicate, see, hear, or maneuver

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90
Q

Psychology

A

Mind and mental processes

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91
Q

Cognition

A

conscious or preconscious thinking processes, the mental activities of which we are aware or can become aware

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92
Q

Emotion

A

feeling state characterized by our appraisal of a stimulus, changes in bodily sensations, and displays of expressive gestures

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93
Q

Affect

A

physiological manifestations of feelings

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94
Q

Unconscious Feelings

A

feelings that we are unaware of, but that influence our behavior

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95
Q

Mood

A

feeling disposition that is more stable than emption, usually less intense, and less tied to a specific situation

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96
Q

Schema

A

internalized representation of the world or ingrained and systematic patterns of thought, action, and problem solving

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97
Q

Assimilation

A

responding to experiences based on existing schema

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98
Q

Accommodation

A

changing schema when new situations cannot be incorporated with an existing one

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99
Q

Cognitive Operations

A

to use abstract thoughts and ideas that are not tied to situational sensory and motor information

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100
Q

Information Processing Theory

A

offers details about how cognitive processes (learning, memory, and environmental interaction) are organized; makes clear distinction between the thinker and the environment; each is an independent objective entity in the processing of inputs and outputs

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101
Q

Cognitive Mediation

A

thinking takes place between occurrence of stimulus and our response

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102
Q

Multiple Intellgences

A

furthers our understanding of how people possess different types of cognitive skills, and how different people effectively use cognition and emption in some areas of life but not others; intelligence includes the ability to solve problems one encounters in life; the ability to generate new problems to solve; the ability to make something or offer a service that is valued within one’s culture

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103
Q

Preconventional Morality

A

child’s primary motivation is to avoid immediate punishment and receive immediate rewards

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104
Q

Conventional Morality

A

emphasizes adherence to social rules

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105
Q

Post-Conventional Morality

A

characterized by a concern with moral principles transcending those of their own society

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106
Q

Primary Emotions

A

usually limited to anger, fear, sadness, joy, anticipation; may have evolved as specific reactions for survival; mobilize us, focus our attention, and signal our state of mind to others

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107
Q

Secondary Emotions

A

include envy, jealousy, anxiety, guilt, shame, relief, hope, depression, pride, love, gratitude, compassion; more variable among people than primary emotions; socially acquired, evolve as humans develop more sophisticated means of learning, controlling, managing emotions for social group cohesion

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108
Q

Differential Emotions Theory

A

asserts that emotions originate in our neurophysiology and that our personalities are organized around affective biases

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109
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

basis is the primacy of internal drives and unconscious mental activity in human behavior; sexual and aggressive drives are not feelings, but motivate behavior that will presumably gratify our impulses

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110
Q

Ego

A

part of personality responsible for negotiating between internal drives and the outside world

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111
Q

Ego Psychology

A

ego is conceived of as present from birth, and not as derived from the need to reconcile drives within constraints of social living; ego is source of attention, concentration, learning, memory, will and perception; both past and present experiences are relevant in influencing social functioning

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112
Q

Attribution Theory

A

experience of emotion is based on conscious evaluations we make about physiological sensations in particular social settings

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113
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

a person’s ability to process information about emptions accurately and effectively, and consequently, to regulate emotions in an optimal manner

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114
Q

Preconscious

A

mental activity that is out of awareness, but can be brought into awareness without prompting

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115
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

seeks a resolution to the idea that person and environment are separate; we develop a sense of meaning in the world through interaction with our physical and social environments, which include other people, but also manifestations of cultural life

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116
Q

Narrative Theory

A

we are all engaged in an ongoing process of constructing a life story, or personal narrative that determines our understanding of ourselves and our positions in the world; human development is inherently fluid, there are no developmental milestones that we should experience to maximize our chances for a satisfying life

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117
Q

Relational Theory

A

integration of psychodynamic and interpersonal theoretical perspectives; basic human tendency is for relationships with others, and our personalities are structured through ongoing interactions with others in the social environment

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118
Q

Attachment Theory

A

all children seek proximity to their parents, and develop attachment styles suited to the type of parenting they encounter

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119
Q

Securely Attached

A

infants act distressed when parent figure leaves, but greet eagerly and warmly when they return; parents are sensitive and accepting, children are unconcerned about security needs and are free to explore activities

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120
Q

Anxious-Ambivalently Attached

A

infants are distraught when parent figures leave, and continue to be distressed when parents return, even while wanting to be comforted and held; employ hyperactivation strategies; parents are not overtly rejecting, but are often unpredictable and inconsistent

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121
Q

Avoidantly Attached

A

infants seem to be relatively undisturbed both when parent figure leaves and when they return; want to maintain proximity, but this attachment style enables children to maintain proximity to parents who may reject them; suppress expressions of overt distress, rather than risk rejection in the face of attachment figure unavailability, may give up on proximity seeking altogether

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122
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

characterized by chaotic and conflicting behaviors; simultaneous approach and avoidance behaviors; incapable of applying any consistent strategy to bond with parents, and behaviors reflect best attempts at gaining security from parents who are perceived as frightening

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123
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

stage theory of socialization that articulates the process by which we come to identify with some social groups an develop a sense of difference from others

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124
Q

Naivete

A

early childhood; no social consciousness, accept socialization from family of origin; begin to distinguish ourselves and other groups of people

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125
Q

Acceptance

A

older children and young adolescents learn belief systems of their own and from their social groups; internalize beliefs of dominant culture

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126
Q

Resistance

A

adolescence or later; become aware of harmful effects of acting on social differences, new experiences with members of other social groups, and challenge our prior assumptions

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127
Q

Redefinition

A

process of creating new social identity that preserves our pride in our origins while perceiving differences with others as positive representations of diversity

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128
Q

Internalization

A

comfortable with revised identity and able to incorporate it into all aspects of our life

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129
Q

Stress

A

any event in which environmental or internal demands tax our adaptive resources

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130
Q

Daily Hassles

A

common occurrences that are taxing

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131
Q

Role Strain

A

problems experienced in the performance of specific roles, such as romantic partner, caregiver, or employee

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132
Q

Crisis

A

major upset in our psychological equilibrium due to some harm, threat, or challenge, with which we cannot cope

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133
Q

Traumatic Stress

A

events that involve actual or threatened severe injury or death, of oneself or significant others

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134
Q

Homeostasis

A

steady state of functioning

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135
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

body’s response to stressor; Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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136
Q

Trait

A

stable personality characteristic

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137
Q

State

A

process that changes over time, depending on the context

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138
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

unconscious automatic responses that enable us to minimize perceived threats or keep them out of awareness entirely

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139
Q

Problem-focused Coping

A

to change either the way a stressful situation is attended to, or the meaning to oneself of what is happening

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140
Q

Emotion-focused Coping

A

to change either the way a stressful situation is attended to, or the meaning to oneself of what is happening

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141
Q

Relational Coping

A

takes into account actions that maximize the survival of others, such as families, children, and friends, as well as ourselves

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142
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

a set of symptoms sometimes experienced by trauma survivors, including: exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence either directly, by witnessing it, or learning about it; persistent reliving of the traumatic event; persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event; negative alterations in cognition or mood after the event; persistent high state of arousal

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143
Q

Social Support

A

interpersonal interactions and relationships that provide us with assistance or feelings of attachment to persons we perceive as caring

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144
Q

Social Network

A

all people with whom we regularly interact, and the patterns of interaction that result from exchanging resources with them

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145
Q

Personal Network

A

those from the social network who provide us with our most essential supports

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146
Q

Person-in-Environment Classification System

A

formally organizes the assessment of individuals’ ability to cope with stress around four factors: social functioning problems, environmental problems, mental health problems, and physical health problems

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147
Q

Spirituality

A

process of human life and development focusing on a search for meaning, purpose, morality, well-being; in relationship with oneself, other people, the universe and the ultimate reality; orienting around centrally significant priorities; engaging a sense of transcendence

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148
Q

Religion

A

institutionalized pattern of values, beliefs, symbols, behaviors, and experiences that involve a spirituality; a community of adherents; transmission of traditions over time; and community support functions that are directly or indirectly related to spirituality

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149
Q

Faith Stages

A

Fowler’s model for spiritual development; positive relationship between age and stage development

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150
Q

Faith

A

universal aspect of human existence; an integral centering process underling the formation of beliefs, values and meaning that gives coherence and direction to lives; links people in shared trusts and loyalties with others; grounds personal stances and communal loyalties in a sense of relatedness to a larger frame of reference; enables people to face and deal with limited conditions of life

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151
Q

Ultimate Environment (Ultimate Reality)

A

highest level of reality

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152
Q

Ideology

A

unique outlook developed from previously held conventional beliefs

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153
Q

Worldcentric

A

identification with the entire global human family

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154
Q

Ecocentric

A

identification with the whole ecosphere, of which humans are only one part

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155
Q

First Force Therapy

A

based on psychodynamic theories of human behavior, in which the prime concern is dealing with repression and resolving instinctual conflicts by developing insight

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156
Q

Second Force Therapies

A

evolved from behavioral theories; focus on learned habits and seek to remove symptoms through various processes of direct learning

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157
Q

Third Force Therapies

A

rooted in existential/humanistic/experiential theories; help deal with existential despair and seek actualization of the person’s potential through techniques grounded in immediate experiencing

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158
Q

Fourth Force Therapies

A

based on transpersonal theories, specifically targeting the spiritual dimension; focus on helping person let go of ego attachments (identifications with the mind, body, and social roles), and transcend the self through various spiritually based practices

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159
Q

Transpersonal Approach

A

premise that some states of human consciousness and potential go beyond our traditional views of health and normality; explicitly address the spiritual dimension of human existence

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160
Q

Levels of Consciousness

A

Wilber’s Integral theory of consciousness, exploring human development across four quadrants (interior-individual; exterior-individual; interior-collective, and exteriorcollective), and through three levels of consciousness (prepersonal, personal, and transpersonal)

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161
Q

Stimulation Theories

A

physical environment as a source of sensory information is essential for human well-being; patterns of stimulation influence thinking, feelings, social interaction and health

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162
Q

Control Theories

A

focus on how much control we have over our physical environment, and attempts we make to gain control

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163
Q

Privacy

A

selective control of access to the self or to one’s group; control over information, and control over interactions with others

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164
Q

Personal Space

A

physical distance we choose to maintain in interpersonal relationships, a space into which others cannot intrude without provoking discomfort

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165
Q

Territorality

A

behavior of individuals and small groups as they seek control over physical space, attempts to control objects, ideas, roles, and relationships

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166
Q

Primary Territory

A

evokes feelings of ownership that we control on a relatively permanent basis, vital to our daily lives

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167
Q

Secondary Territory

A

less important than primary territory, control does not seem as essential ie table at coffee shop, seat in classroom

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168
Q

Public Territory

A

open to anyone in the community, make no attempt to control access to them

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169
Q

Density

A

number of persons per unit area of space

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170
Q

Crowding

A

number of persons per unit area of space

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171
Q

Behavior Setting Theories

A

consistent, uniform patterns of behavior occur in particular places; behavior is always tied to a specific place, and setting may have more powerful influence on behavior than characteristics of the individual

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172
Q

Behavior Settings

A

places where specific behavior occurs

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173
Q

Programs

A

consistent, prescribed patterns of behavior

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174
Q

Staffing

A

behavior settings attract different numbers of participants, or staff; important to have a good fit between number of participants and the behavioral program for the setting

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175
Q

Ecocritical Theories

A

call attention to the ways that human behavior degrades and destroys the natural world, the unequal burden of environmental degradation on different groups, and the ethical obligations that humans have to nonhuman elements of the natural environment

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176
Q

Deep Ecology

A

emphasizes the total interconnectedness of all elements of the natural and physical world, and the inseparability of human well-being and the well-being of planet Earth

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177
Q

Ecofeminism

A

approach best described as feminist approach to environmental ethics; see domination, exploitation and development of hierarchies as part of patriarchal logic that undergirds both social and environmental degradation

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178
Q

Natural Environment

A

part of the environment made up of all living and nonliving things naturally occurring

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179
Q

Biophilia

A

genetically based need to affiliate with nature

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180
Q

Ecotherapy

A

exposure to nature and the outdoors as a component of psychotherapy

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181
Q

Environmental Justice

A

thought to occur when the burden of environmental hazards or degradation is shared equally across all demographic groups or communities; and there is equal inclusion in decisionmaking processes about environmental policies and action steps

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182
Q

Built Environment

A

portion of the physical environment attributable to human effort

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183
Q

Tecchnology

A

tools, machines, instruments and devices developed and used by humans to enhance their lives

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184
Q

Evidence-based Design

A

uses physiological and health outcome measures to evaluate health benefits of hospital design features

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185
Q

Place Attachment

A

process in which individuals and groups form bonds with places

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186
Q

Place Identity

A

when particular place becomes an important part of our self-identity

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187
Q

Material Culture

A

includes physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture

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188
Q

Culture

A

system of knowledge, beliefs, values, language, symbols, patterns of behavior, material objects, and institutions that are created, learned, shared, and contested by a group of people

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189
Q

Enculturation

A

the process of learning culture

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190
Q

Human Agency

A

capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices

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191
Q

Materialist Perspective

A

places primary emphasis on role of environment, technology, and economy in creating, maintaining, and changing culture; ideas, values, beliefs and cultural products are seen as adaptations to environmental, technological and economic conditions

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192
Q

Mentalist Perspective

A

sees humans creating, maintaining, and changing culture on the basis of their beliefs, values, language, and symbolic representations; culture is understood by understanding how participants think, feel, and speak

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193
Q

Practice Orientation

A

seeks to explain what people do as thinking, intentionally acting persons who face the impact of history, constraints of structures embedded in society and culture

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194
Q

Values

A

beliefs about what is important or unimportant, desirable or undesirable, right or wrong

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195
Q

Ideology

A

a set of shared beliefs that explains the social world and guides people’s actions, especially in relation to economic and political theory and policy

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196
Q

Symbol

A

something that stands for something else; can be verbal, an artifact, or nonverbal

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197
Q

Language

A

system of words or signs that people use to express thoughts and feelings to each other

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198
Q

Norms

A

culturally defined rules of behavior that guide people in what to do or not do

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199
Q

Subculture

A

involve groups of people who accept much of the dominant culture by distinguish themselves by one or more culturally significant characteristics

200
Q

Counterculture

A

differs in significant ways from the dominant culture, and also rejects norms and values of the larger culture

201
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

calls for suspending judgment of other people’s cultural values and practices in order to understand them in their own cultural context through the eyes of their won members, avoiding judging one culture by the standards of another culture

202
Q

Cultural Humility

A

recognizing that culture is an important part of human behavior, that people live within many different cultures, and that we will never understand other cultures as well as the people who live within them

203
Q

Xenophobia

A

describes fear and hatred of strangers or foreigners, or of anything that is strange or foreign

204
Q

Hegemony

A

ability of a dominant group to obtain consent and agreement to cultural values and norms without the use of threat or force

205
Q

Racism

A

belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others, justifying access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities on the basis of race

206
Q

Ethnicity

A

sense of cultural, historical, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people that is considered to be distinct from people outside the group

207
Q

Ethnic Identity

A

part of personal identity that derives from one’s sense of being a part of an ethnic group

208
Q

Assimilation

A

process in which the cultural uniqueness of the minority is abandoned and members try to blend invisibly into the dominant cultures

209
Q

Accomodation

A

process of partial or selective cultural change; nondominant groups follow norms, rules, standards of dominant culture only in specific circumstances and contexts

210
Q

Acculturation

A

mutual sharing of culture; involves cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture, merging of cultures as a result of prolonged contact

211
Q

Bicultural Socialization

A

nonmajority group or its members mastering both the dominant culture and their own

212
Q

Multiculturalism

A

minority groups and new immigrants and their children enculturate to mainstream culture while also retaining their ethnic culture

213
Q

Social Structure

A

a set of interrelated social institutions developed by human beings to provide stability to society and order to individual lives

214
Q

Social Institutions

A

a set of interrelated social institutions developed by human beings to provide stability to society and order to individual lives

215
Q

Status

A

specific social position

216
Q

Role

A

usual behaviors of persons occupying particular statuses

217
Q

Gini Index

A

measures extent to which distribution of income within a country deviates from a perfectly equal distribution; most commonly used measure of income inequality

218
Q

Government and Political Institution

A

responsible for how decisions get made and enforced for society; expected to resolve both internal and external conflicts, and mobilize collective resources to meet societal goals

219
Q

Colonialism

A

practice of dominant and powerful nations going beyond their boundaries; using military force to occupy and claim less dominant and powerful nations; imposing their culture, laws, and language on the occupied nation through the use of settlers

220
Q

Neocoonialism

A

the practice of dominant and powerful nations going beyond their boundaries, using international financial institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund to exert influence over impoverished nations and to impose their culture, laws, and languages on the occupied nations using financial incentives (loans) and disincentives

221
Q

Transnational Corporations

A

carry on production and distribution activities in many nations

222
Q

Neoliberal Philosophy

A

idea that governments should not be involved in the economic institution

223
Q

Economic Institution

A

primary responsibility for regulating the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services

224
Q

Labor Force Bifurcation

A

process by which wage labor divided into two branches: core of relatively stable, skilled, well-paid labor; and periphery of periodic or seasonal low-wage labor

225
Q

Outsourcing

A

relocates the production of goods and services from one place to another as a strategy to reduce costs

226
Q

Educational Institution

A

primary purpose is to pass along formal knowledge from one generation to the next

227
Q

Healthcare Institution

A

primary for promoting general health of society

228
Q

Social Welfare Institution

A

concerned with the fair allocation of goods, services, and opportunities to enhance social functioning of individuals, and contributions to the social health of society

229
Q

Religious Institution

A

primary for addressing spiritual and ethical issues

230
Q

Mass media Institution

A

primary for managing the flow of information, images, and ideas among all members of society

231
Q

Family and Kinship Institution

A

primarily responsible for the regulation of procreation, for initial socialization of new members of society, and for the economic, emotional and physical care of its members

232
Q

Social Class

A

term generally used to describe contemporary structures of inequality

233
Q

Conservative Thesis

A

inequality is the natural, divine order, and no efforts should be made to alter it

234
Q

Radical Antithesis

A

equality is the natural, divine order; inequality is based on abuse of privilege and should be minimized

235
Q

Critical Consciousness

A

defined as an ongoing process of reflection and knowledge seeking about mechanisms and outcomes of social, political, and economic oppression that requires taking personal and collective action toward fairness and social justice

236
Q

Family

A

social group of two or more persons characterized by ongoing interdependence with longterm commitments that stem from blood, law, or affection

237
Q

Family Systems Perspective

A

focuses on the family as a social system, focus on relationships within the family and relationships between family and other social systems

238
Q

Family of Origin

A

family into which we were born and/or in which we were raised

239
Q

Differentiation of Self

A

process of learning to differentiate between thoughts and feeligns, and to follow one’s own beliefs rather than making decisions based on reactivity to the cues of others or the need to win approval

240
Q

Genogram

A

visual representation of a family’s composition and structure

241
Q

Multilevel Family Practice Model

A

includes the larger systems in which the family system is embedded, including neighborhood, local community, state, nation, current global socioeconomic system

242
Q

Exchange and Choice Perspective on Families

A

family relationships are based on exchange of resources valued by the participants; that family members act to maximize those outcomes they most value

243
Q

Symbolic Interaction Perspective on Families

A

understands family life as a system of meaning created through interaction

244
Q

Feminist Perspective on Families

A

families should not be studied as whole systems, with the lens on family level, because such attention results in failure to attend to patterns of dominance, subjugation, and oppression in families

245
Q

Intersectionality Feminist Theory

A

a feminist theory suggesting that no single category is sufficient to understand social oppression, and that categories such as gender, race, and class intersect to produce different experiences for women of various races and classes

246
Q

Life Course Development Perspective on Families

A

expands concept of family system to look at families over time

247
Q

Transition Points

A

when the family faces a transition in family life stage, or in family composition, can be particularly stressful

248
Q

Family Stress, Coping and Resilience Perspective

A

perspective on families that incorporates research on individual stress and coping and the risk and resilience framework to understand how families cope with stress

249
Q

ABC-X Model of Family Stress and Coping

A

way of viewing families that focuses on stressor events and crises, family resources, family definitions and beliefs, and outcomes of stress pileup

250
Q

Stress Pileup

A

when a series of crises over time depletes a family’s resources and exposes the family to increasing risk of very negative outcomes

251
Q

Family Timeline

A

chronology depicting key dates and events in the family’s life

252
Q

Normative Stressors

A

potentially catastrophic events, such as natural disasters, medical trauma, drug abuse, unemployment, and family violence

253
Q

Nonnormative Stressors

A

potentially catastrophic events, such as natural disasters, medical trauma, drug abuse, unemployment, and family violence

254
Q

Family Resilience Perspective

A

seeks to identify and strengthen processes that allow families to bear up under and rebound from distressing experiences

255
Q

Cohabiting

A

living together in a romantic relationship without marriage

256
Q

Lone-Parent Families

A

composed of one parent and at least one child residing in the same household

257
Q

Family Economic Stress Model

A

economic hardship leads to economic pressure, which leads to parent distress, which leads to child and adolescent adjustment problems

258
Q

Family Investment Model

A

focuses on investments that parents with economic resources are able to make in the development of their children; families with greater economic resources are able to provide more robust investments in their children’s educational, economic, and health development

259
Q

Small Group

A

two or more people who interact with each other because of shared interests, goals, experiences and needs

260
Q

Group Work

A

serves people’s needs by bringing them together in small groups

261
Q

Therapy Group

A

uses group milieu to enable individuals to work out emotional and behavioral difficulties

262
Q

Brief Treatment Models

A

usually last 6 weeks or less

263
Q

Mutual Aid Groups

A

members meet to help one another deal with common problems

264
Q

Psychoeducational Groups

A

social workers and other professionals share knowledge and expertise to educate group members about a specific life problem or developmental issue

265
Q

Self-help Groups

A

groups composed of people who voluntarily meet because of a common identity; not professionally led

266
Q

Task Groups

A

groups composed of people who voluntarily meet because of a common identity; not professionally led

267
Q

Formed Groups

A

defined purpose and come about through efforts of outsiders, such as an agency

268
Q

Natural Groups

A

come together spontaneously based on naturally occurring events, interpersonal attraction, or mutually perceived needs of members

269
Q

Time-limited Group

A

set time for termination

270
Q

Ongoing Group

A

no defined end point

271
Q

Open Group

A

permit addition of new members throughout the group’s life

272
Q

Closed Groups

A

minimum and maximum size of the group is determined in advance

273
Q

Status Characteristics and Expectation States Theory

A

proposes that influence and participation of group members during initial interactions are related to their status and to expectations others hold about their ability to help the group accomplish tasks

274
Q

Status Characteristics

A

any characteristics evaluated in the broader society to be associated with competence

275
Q

Performance Expectations

A

predictions of how well an act will accomplish a group’s task

276
Q

Self-categorization Theory

A

expands social identity theory by suggesting that in this process, we come to divide the world into in-groups and out-groups, and begin to stereotype the attributes of in-groups and out-groups by comparing them with each other, with bias toward in-groups; more likely to be influenced by in-group members than by out-group members

277
Q

Group Dynamics

A

patterns of interaction within a group setting; ie how are leaders appointed, which role members take in groups, how communication networks affect interactions in groups, and how groups develop cohesiveness

278
Q

Task-oriented Leaders

A

facilitate problem solving within a group context

279
Q

Process-oriented Leaders

A

known as social-emotional leaders, identify and manage group relationships

280
Q

Communication Networks

A

links among members, ie who talks to whom, how information is transmitted, and whether communication between members is direct or uses go-between

281
Q

Group Cohesiveness

A

dynamic process reflected in group’s tendency to stick together and be unified in pursuit of objectives and satisfaction of member emotional needs

282
Q

Interdisciplinary Team

A

composed of a group of professionals representing a variety of disciplines, working in organized collaboration to solve a common set of problems

283
Q

Leadership

A

process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal

284
Q

Formal Organization

A

collectivity of people with a high degree of formal structure, working together to meet common goals

285
Q

Rational Perspective on Organizations

A

views formal organization as a goal-directed, purposefully designed machine; assumes organization can be designed with structures and processes that maximize efficiency and effectiveness

286
Q

Bureaucracy

A

most efficient form of organization for goal accomplishment

287
Q

Iron Cage of Rationality

A

term for the dehumanizing potential of bureaucracies

288
Q

Scientific Management

A

directed toward maximizing internal efficiency of a formal organization

289
Q

Human Relations Theory

A

focuses on role of human relationships in organizational efficiency and effectiveness

290
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

tendency of experimental participants to perform in particular ways because they know they are being studied

291
Q

Organizational Humanism

A

approach to formal organizations that assumes organizations can maximize efficiency and effectiveness while also promoting individual happiness and well-being

292
Q

Decision-making Theory of Organizations

A

focuses on how decisions of individuals in organizations affect the organization as a whole

293
Q

Bounded Rationality

A

limited rationality of organization decision makers in decision-making theory of formal organizations

294
Q

Satisfice

A

to seek satisfactory, rather than perfect, solutions and to discontinue the search for alternatives when a satisfactory solution is available

295
Q

Systems Perspective on Organizations

A

builds on the fundamental principle that the organization is in constant interaction with its multiple environments – social, political, economic, cultural, technological – and must be able to adapt to environmental change

296
Q

Political Economy Model

A

focuses on dependence of organizations on their environments for necessary resources and on the impact of organization-environment interactions on the internal structure and processes of the organization

297
Q

Institutional Theory of Organizations

A

perspective that focuses on how formal organizations are embedded in society and its major institutions, and shaped by them

298
Q

Learning Organization Theory

A

premise that rational planning is not sufficient for an organization to survive in a rapidly changing environment such as the one in which we live

299
Q

Interaction/Interpretist perspective on organization

A

share basic premises that: organizations provide members with a sense of connection and meaning; organizations reflect the worldviews of the creators; and organizations are social constructions of reality created by ongoing interactions and emerging relationships

300
Q

Organizational Culture Model

A

views organizations as ongoing, interactive processes of reality construction, involving many organizational actors, not just managers and owners

301
Q

Managing Diversity Model

A

contemporary organizations cannot be successful unless they learn to manage diverse populations; diversity is a permanent, not transitory, feature of contemporary life

302
Q

Appreciative Inquiry Model of Organizational Change

A

change model that seeks to engage all stakeholders in identifying the positive components of the organization and shared reams of what it can become to build its optimal future by examining past success

303
Q

Critical Perspective on Organizations

A

perspective that sees formal organizations as instruments of domination

304
Q

Organizations as Multiple Oppressions

A

theory of organizations that views them as social constructions that exclude and discriminate against some categories of people

305
Q

Nonhierarchical Organizations

A

organizations run by consensus, with few rules, characterized by informality

306
Q

Privatization

A

shifting administration of programs back to private organizations

307
Q

Social Entrepreneurial Organization

A

formed by social entrepreneur who recognizes a social problem and uses ideas from business entrepreneurs to organize, create, and manage a new venture to bring about social change related to that problem

308
Q

Community

A

people bound by either geography or by webs of communication, sharing common ties, and interacting with one another

309
Q

Sense of Community

A

perception of similarity with others, an acknowledged interdependence with others, a willingness to maintain this interdependence by giving to or doing for others what one expects from them, the feeling that one is part of a larger dependable and stable structure

310
Q

Relational Community

A

community based on voluntary interaction

311
Q

Territorial Community

A

community based on geography or territory

312
Q

Gemeinschaft

A

communities where relationships are personal and traditional

313
Q

Gesellschaft

A

communities where relationships are impersonal and contractual

314
Q

Geographic Information Systems

A

computer technology that can map the spatial distribution of a variety of social data

315
Q

Horizontal Linkage

A

interactions with other members of the community

316
Q

Vertical Linkage

A

interaction with individuals and systems outside of the community

317
Q

Bonding Social Capital

A

inward looking, tends to mobilize solidarity and in-group loyalty, leads to exclusive identities and homogeneous communities

318
Q

Bridging Social Capital

A

outward looking and diverse; links community members to assets and information across community boundaries

319
Q

Personal Community

A

composed of ties with friends, relatives, neighbors, workmates etc

320
Q

Network

A

a set of actors with a set of ties of a specified type

321
Q

Networked Individualism

A

individuals operate in large, personalized, complex networks

322
Q

Collective Efficacy

A

capacity of community residents to achieve social control over the environment and to engage in collective action for the common good

323
Q

Multiple Psychological Senses of Community (MPSOC)

A

people live in multiple territorial and relational communities, such as neighborhood, city, rural county, workplace, university, religious group, sports league, social networking sites, etc. and have multiple senses of community representing each of these communities

324
Q

Social Action Model

A

political model of community practice that emphasizes social reform and challenge of structural inequalities

325
Q

Agency-based Model

A

promoted social agencies and services they provided

326
Q

Community Development

A

based on an assumption of shared interests, rather than conflicting interests; seeks to bring together diverse community interests for the betterment of the community as a whole, with attention to community building and an improved sense of community

327
Q

Social Planning Model

A

political model of community practice that emphasizes social reform and challenge of structural inequalities

328
Q

Agency-based Model

A

promoted social agencies and services they provided

329
Q

Community Development

A

based on an assumption of shared interests, rather than conflicting interests; seeks to bring together diverse community interests for the betterment of the community as a whole, with attention to community building and an improved sense of community

330
Q

Social Planning Model

A

based on the premise that the complexities of modern social problems require expert planners schooled in a rational planning model

331
Q

Social Movements

A

consciously organized and sustained attempts by ordinary people working outside of established institutions to change some aspect of society

332
Q

Proactive Social Movements

A

seek to reform existing social arrangements and try out new ways of living together

333
Q

Reactive Social Movements

A

seek to defend traditional values and social arrangements

334
Q

Charity Organization Society Movement

A

social movement that emphasized the delivery of services through private charity organizations

335
Q

Settlement House Movement

A

social movement that turned attention to the environmental hazards of industrialization and focused on research, service, and social reform

336
Q

Political Process Perspective

A

an approach to social movements that suggests they develop when windows of political opportunity are open

337
Q

Elites

A

more powerful members of society

338
Q

Countermovements

A

movements that arise to oppose a successful social movement

339
Q

Mobilizing Structures Perspective

A

an approach to social movements that suggests they develop when windows of political opportunity are open

340
Q

Mobilizing Structures

A

existing informal networks and formal organizations through which people mobilize and engage in collective action

341
Q

Resource Mobilization Theory

A

focuses on organization and coordination of movement activities through formal organizations called social movement organizations

342
Q

Social Movement Organization

A

formal organizations through which social movement activities are coordinated

343
Q

Professional Social Movement Organizations

A

organizations staffed by leaders and activists who make a career out of reform causes

344
Q

Transnational Social Movement Organization

A

social movement organizations that operate in more than one nation-state

345
Q

Network Model

A

focuses on everyday ties between people, in grassroots settings, as the basic structures for communication and social solidarity necessary for mobilization

346
Q

Cultural Framing Perspective

A

social movement can succeed only when participants develop shared understandings and definitions of the situation

347
Q

Cultural Framing

A

conscious strategic efforts by groups of people to fashion shared understandings of the world and themselves that legitimate and motivate collective action

348
Q

Conscience Constituency

A

people attracted to the movement because it appears just and worthy, not because they will benefit personally

349
Q

Framing Contests

A

competition among factions of a social movement to control the definition of the problem, goals, and strategies for the movement

350
Q

Life Course Perspective

A

looks at how biological, psychological, and social factors act independently, cumulatively, and interactively to shape people’s lives from conception to death, and across generations

351
Q

Event History

A

sequence of significant events, experiences, and transitions in a person’s life from conception to death

352
Q

Cohort

A

group of people born during the same time period who experience particular social changes within a given culture in the same sequence at approximately the same age

353
Q

Populations Pyramid

A

chart that depicts the proportion of the population in each age group

354
Q

Sex Ratio

A

number of males per 100 females

355
Q

Transitions

A

changes in roles and statuses that represent a distinct departure from prior roles and statuses

356
Q

Trajectories

A

relatively stable long-term processes and patterns of life, involving multiple transitions

357
Q

Life Event

A

significant occurrence in a person’s life that may produce serious and long-lasting effects

358
Q

Turning Point

A

a time when major change occurs in the life course trajectory

359
Q

Cohort Effects

A

when distinctive formative experiences are shared at the same point in the life course and have a lasting impact on a birth cohort

360
Q

Biological Age

A

person’s level of biological development and physical health, as measured by functioning of various organ systems

361
Q

Psychological Age

A

both behavior and perceptual components; behaviorally, the capacities that people have and the skills they use to adapt to changing biological and environmental demands; perceptually, based on how old people perceive themselves to be

362
Q

Social Age

A

age-graded roles and behaviors expected by society; socially constructed meaning of various ages

363
Q

Age Norm

A

behaviors expected of people at a specific age in a given society at a particular point in time

364
Q

Spiritual Age

A

current position of a person in the ongoing search for meaning, purpose and moral relationships

365
Q

Age Structuring

A

standardizing the ages at which social role transitions occur, by developing policies and laws that regulate the timing of these transitions

366
Q

Social Support

A

help rendered by others that benefits an individual or a collectivity

367
Q

Human Agency

A

use of personal power to achieve one’s goals

368
Q

Intersectionality Theory

A

recognizes that all of us are jointly and simultaneously members of a number of socially constructed identity groups, such as gender, race, ethnicity, social class, sexual orientation, age, religion, geographical location, and disability/ability

369
Q

Cumulative Disadvantage

A

the accumulation of increasing disadvantage as early disadvantage positions an individual for later disadvantage

370
Q

Cumulative Advantage

A

the accumulation of increasing advantage as early advantage positions an individual for later advantage

371
Q

Privilege

A

unearned advantage

372
Q

Oppression

A

the intentional or unintentional act or process of placing restrictions on an individual, group, or institution; may include observable actions, but more typically refers to complex, covert, interconnected processes and practices reflected in perpetuation of exclusion and inequalities over time

373
Q

Risk Factors

A

factors at one stage of development that increase the probability of developing and maintaining problem conditions at later stages

374
Q

Protective Factors

A

factors at one stage of development that increase the probability of developing and maintaining problem conditions at later stages

375
Q

Resilience

A

power of humans to use protective factors to assist in self-righting process over the life course to fare well in the face of adversity

376
Q

Neonate

A

infant up to one month of age

377
Q

Chromosome

A

threadlike structures composed of DNA and proteins that carry genes and are found within each body cell nucleus

378
Q

Genes

A

segments of DNA

379
Q

Germ Cell

A

the ova or spermatozoa whose function is to reproduce the organism

380
Q

Fertilization

A

the penetration of an ovum by a spermatozoon, usually occurring in the fallopian tube

381
Q

Genotype

A

totality of hereditary information present in an organism

382
Q

Phenotype

A

expression of genetic traits in an individual

383
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

chromosome pair 23, which determines sex of the individual

384
Q

Recessive Genes

A

only expressed if the responsible gene is present on each chromosome of the relevant pair

385
Q

Dominant Genes

A

will be expressed even if only one chromosome has the gene

386
Q

Interactive Genes

A

corresponding genes that give separate yet controlling messages

387
Q

Fetal viability

A

the point at which the baby could survive outside the womb

388
Q

Infertility

A

the inability to create a viable embryo after one year of intercourse without contraception

389
Q

Assisted Reproductive Technologies

A

range of techniques to help women who are infertile to conceive and give birth; any fertility treatment in which both eggs and embryos are handled

390
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized ovum cell (egg)

391
Q

Embryo

A

stage of prenatal development beginning in the second week and lasting through the eighth week

392
Q

Teratogens

A

substances present during prenatal life that adversely affect normal cellular development in form of function in embryo or fetus

393
Q

Fetus

A

Unborn Baby

394
Q

Multigravida

A

woman who has had a previous pregnancy

395
Q

Miscarriage/Spontaneous Abortion

A

woman who has had a previous pregnancy

396
Q

Multipara

A

mother who has previously given birth

397
Q

Low Birth Weight (LBW)

A

Weighing 3.3-5.5 pounds

398
Q

Small for Gestational Age (SGA)

A

generally weighing below 10th percentile for sex and gestational age

399
Q

Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW)

A

weighing less than 3 pounds, 3 ounces

400
Q

Extremely Low-birth-weight (ELBW)

A

Weighing less than 2.2 pounds

401
Q

Multifactorial Inheritance

A

Genetic traits that vary because they are controlled by multiple genes

402
Q

Genetic Liability

A

the state of being prone to hereditary disorders

403
Q

Sensitive Periods

A

times in fetal development that are particularly sensitive to exposure to teratogens, different organs have different sensitive periods, also called critical periods

404
Q

Infant

A

young child in the first year of life

405
Q

Toddler

A

a young child from about 12-36 months of age

406
Q

Development Nice

A

cultural context into which a particular child is born that guides every aspect of the developmental process

407
Q

Sensory System

A

the senses of hearing, sight, taste, smell, touch, and sensitivity to pain

408
Q

Reflexes

A

involuntary muscle responses to certain stimuli

409
Q

Motor Skills

A

ability to move and manipulate

410
Q

Neurons

A

specialized nerve cells that store and transmit information; carry sensory information to the brain, and carry out the processes involved in thought, emotion, and action

411
Q

Neurogenesis

A

creation of new neurons

412
Q

Synapses

A

gaps that function as the site of information exchange from one neuron to another

413
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

creation of synapses

414
Q

Synaptic Blooming

A

period of overproduction of synapses

415
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

reduction of the synapses to improve the efficiency of brain functioning

416
Q

Myelination

A

process in which axons and neurons are coated with a fatty substance called myelin, causes faster neural communication, which results in faster information processing

417
Q

Brain Plasticity

A

neuroplasticity, the ability for the brain to change in response to stimuli

418
Q

Cognition

A

ability to process and store information and to solve problems

419
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

birth to 2 years; infant is egocentric; he or she gradually learns to coordinate sensory and motor activities an develops a beginning sense of objects existing apart from the self

420
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

ages 2-7 years; the child remains primarily egocentric but discovers rules/regularities that can be applied to new incoming information; the child tends to overgeneralize rules, however, making cognitive errors

421
Q

Symbolic Functioning

A

the ability to use symbols to represent what is not present

422
Q

Concrete Operations Stage

A

ages 7-11; child can solve concrete problems through the application of logical problem-solving techniques

423
Q

Formal Operations Stage

A

ages 11-beyond; person becomes able to solve real and hypothetical problems using abstract concepts

424
Q

Object Permanence

A

the ability to understand that an object or person exists even when they don’t see it

425
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

infant able to remember previous separations and becomes anxious at the signs of an impending separation from parents

426
Q

Information Processing Theory

A

a theory of cognition interested in the mechanisms through which learning occurs, focusing specifically on memory encoding and retrieval

427
Q

Temperament

A

the characteristic way in which individuals approach and react to people and situations f

428
Q

Attachment

A

the ability to form emotional bonds with other people

429
Q

Working Model

A

model for relationships developed in the earliest attachment relationship

430
Q

Transitional Object

A

comfort object used to help cope with separations from parents and to handle other stressful situations

431
Q

Developmental Delay

A

delay in developing skills and abilities in infants and preschoolers

432
Q

Developmental Disability

A

a lifelong impairment demonstrated in children that results in functional limitations in some dimension such as mobility, self care, communication, or learning

433
Q

Lateralization

A

process by which the two hemispheres of the brain begin to operate slightly differently, allowing for a wider range of activity

434
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

skills that require the use of large muscle groups

435
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

skills that require use of small muscle groups such as hands, wrists, and fingers, and involve eye-hand coordination

436
Q

Transductive Reasoning

A

a way of thinking about two or more experiences without using abstract logic

437
Q

Egocentrism

A

perceiving reality only from one’s own experience, and believing oneself to be at the center of existence

438
Q

Overregularization

A

grammatical errors made during language development where language rules are applied generally without attention to exceptions

439
Q

Prosocial

A

behaving in a helpful or empathic manner

440
Q

Preconventional Level of Moral Reasoning

A

moral reasoning is based on whether behavior is rewarded or punished; moral reasoning is based on what will benefit the self/loved others

441
Q

Empathy

A

ability to understand another person’s emotional condition

442
Q

Perspective Taking

A

the ability to see a situation from another person’s point of view

443
Q

Instrumental Aggression

A

occurs while fighting over toys and space

444
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

attack meant to hurt another individual

445
Q

Physical Aggression

A

involves using physical force against another person

446
Q

Relational Aggression

A

involves behaviors that damage relationships without physical force, such as threatening to leave a relationship unless a friend complies with demands or using social exclusion or the silent treatment to get one’s way

447
Q

Self-Theory

A

an organized understanding of the self in relation to others; begins to develop in early childhood

448
Q

Self-Esteem

A

the way one evaluates the self in relation to others

449
Q

Gender Typing

A

expectations about people’s behavior based on their biological sex

450
Q

Symbolic Play

A

fantasy play, pretend play, or imaginary play

451
Q

Learning Play

A

play focused on language and thinking skills

452
Q

Sociodramatic Play

A

group fantasy play in which children coordinate their fantasy

453
Q

Discipline

A

methods a parent uses to teach and socialize children toward acceptable behavior

454
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

rigid and controlling, rules are narrow and specific, with little room for negotiation, and children are expected to follow rules without explanation

455
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

more flexible, rules are more reasonable, and they leave opportunities for compromises and negotiation

456
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

parents’ rules are unclear, and children are left to make their own decisions

457
Q

Disengaged Parenting

A

parents are focused on their own needs rather than the needs of the children

458
Q

Child Maltreatment

A

physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and neglect of children, most often by adult caregivers; definitions vary by culture and professional discipline but typically entail harm, or threatened harm, to the child

459
Q

Precociousness

A

early development, most often refers to a rare level of intelligence at an early age but may refer to “premature” ability or development in a number of areas

460
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

outer layer of gray matter in the human brain thought to be responsible for complex, high-level intellectual functions such as memory, language and reasoning

461
Q

Interrelational Intelligence

A

based on emotional and social intelligence and similar to concept of interpersonal intelligence

462
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

the ability to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustrations to control impulse and delay gratification, to regulate one’s moods and keep distress from swamping the ability to think, to empathize and to hope

463
Q

Trauma

A

severe physical or psychological injury

464
Q

Character Education

A

the direct teaching and curriculum inclusions of mainstream values thought to be universal by community (kindness, respect, tolerance, honesty)

465
Q

Direct Bullying

A

intentionally inflicting emotional or physical harm on another person through fairly explicitly physical or verbal harassment

466
Q

Indirect Bullying

A

less explicit and less detectable than direct bullying, including subtler verbal, psychological, and social or “relational” bullying tactics

467
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

the theoretical space between the child’s current developmental level and the child’s potential level if given access to appropriate models and experiences in the social environment

468
Q

Social Commpetence

A

the ability to engage in sustained, positive and mutually satisfactory peer interactions

469
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A

feeling one’s emotional and psychological identity as male or female to be different from one’s assigned biological identity

470
Q

Multiple Intelligences

A

theory that humans have at least eight critical intelligences: verbal/linguistic, logical/mathematical, visual/spatial, musical/rhythmic, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

471
Q

Individual Education Plan (IEP)

A

charts a course for ensuring each child achieves as much support as possible in the academic realm

472
Q

Rites of Passage

A

ceremonies that demarcate the transition from childhood to adulthood

473
Q

Puberty

A

period of the life course in which the reproductive system matures

474
Q

Gonads

A

sex glands (ovaries and testes)

475
Q

Sex Hormones

A

androgens, progestins and estrogens

476
Q

Primary Sex Characeristics

A

those directly related to the reproductive organs and external genitalia

477
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

those not directly related to the reproductive organs and genitalia

478
Q

Menarche

A

Onset of Menstruation

479
Q

Spermarche

A

onset of ability to ejaculate mobile sperm

480
Q

Identity

A

a person’s self-definition as a separate and distinct individual, including behaviors, beliefs and attitudes

481
Q

Social Identity

A

the part of the self-concept that comes from knowledge of one’s membership in a social group and the emotional significance of that membership

482
Q

Post-conventional Moral Reasoning

A

morality based on moral principles that transcend social rules

483
Q

Generalized Other

A

individuals create concept to represent how others are likely to view and respond to them

484
Q

Gender Identity

A

how one perceives one’s gender, beginning in early childhood, but is elaborated on and revised during adolescence

485
Q

Individuation

A

how one perceives one’s gender, beginning in early childhood, but is elaborated on and revised during adolescence

486
Q

Masturbation

A

self-stimulation of the genitals for sexual pleasure

487
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

erotic, romantic, and affectionate attraction to people of the same sex, the opposite sex, both sexes, or none

488
Q

Sexually Transmitted Infections

A

infectious diseases that are most often contracted through oral, anal, or vaginal sexual contact

489
Q

Status Offenses

A

behaviors that would not be considered criminal if committed by an adult but are considered delinquent if committed by an adolescent ie running away from home, skipping school, violating curfew, possessing alcohol or tobacco

490
Q

Juvenile Deliquency

A

when adolescents are found guilty of committing either a crime or a status offense

491
Q

Acquaintance Rape

A

forced, manipulated, or coerced sexual contact by someone known to the victim

492
Q

Statutory Rape

A

a crime in every US state, having sex with someone younger than an age specified by law as being capable of making an informed, voluntary decision

493
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by a dysfunctional body image and voluntary starvation in the pursuit of weight loss

494
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by a cycle of binge eating; feelings of guilt, depression, or self-disgust; and purging

495
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A

characterized by recurring episodes of eating significantly excessive amounts of food in a short period of time, accompanied by feelings of lack of control

Human Behavior (2 decks)

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