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OTB 510 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Lower motor neurons (LMN)

A

are the only neurons that carries signals to both the extrafusal/intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers, which means they carry signals to the muscles.

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2
Q

Upper motor neurons (UMN)

A

gives off signals from the brain to the spinal cord, it also provides signal from the cerebrum to the cranial nerve lower motor neurons in the brainstem, which controls the motor activity of the body

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3
Q

Upper Motor Neuron

  • Originates from the..
  • Located near ..
  • Transmit nerve impulses from the ..
  • Increased muscle tone and hyperactive deep reflexes are symptom…
A
  • Originates from the motor region of the cerebral cortex or brainstem
  • Located near the central nervous system
  • Transmit nerve impulses from the brain to the synapses of the LMN
  • Increased muscle tone and hyperactive deep reflexes are symptoms of damage
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4
Q

There are three “functional regions” of the cerebellum: what are they?

A

1) Vestibulocerebellum (regulates equilibrium; coordinates motor activities for posture & head and eye movements)
2) Spinocerebellum (coordinates gross limb movements; integrates proprioceptive information to coordinate these movements)
3) Cerebrocerebellum (coordinates precise, distal voluntary movements)

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5
Q

cerebellum effects movement through…

A

connections with motor tract cell bodies in the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and brainstem;

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6
Q

the cerebellum adjusts …

A

posture and coordinates movements

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7
Q

Specifically, injury to the cerebellum can cause a person to have difficulty with …

A

enunciation, eye movements and limb movements

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8
Q

The brainstem is divided into three parts, what are they?

A

midbrain, pons and medulla

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9
Q

Cranial nerve
3 & 4
Connect with:

A

Midbrain (Upper)

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10
Q

Cranial nerve
5 through 8
Connect with:

A

Pons (Middle)

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11
Q

Cranial nerve
9, 10, & 12
Connect with:

A

Medulla (Lower part of brainstem)

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12
Q

Cranial nerve
11
Connect with:

A

cervical spinal cord, so this is not in the rule.

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13
Q

vertical tract in the brainstem travels through the

A

sensory, motor and autonomic tract

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14
Q

The reticular formation in the brainstem plays a very important function controlling the

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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15
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS) divided into two subdivision which is …

A

sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

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16
Q

SNS controls the…

A

blood flow to the organs, regulates body temperature, metabolic rate, and the activity of viscera

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17
Q

PNS controls…

A

bladder /bowel movement, decrease heart rate, increase digestion, increase secretion in the lungs, eyes, mouth, and controls erection /lubrication of sexual organs.

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18
Q

motor tracts travels from the cortex through the ..

A

upper motor neuron (UMN) passes the brainstem and crosses over to the other side of the spinal cord and connects with the lower motor neuron (LMN) to the targeted cell

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19
Q

sensory tract travels through the

A

peripheral nerves to the spinal and crosses over to the brainstem and the cortex.

20
Q

basal ganglia is a specialized collection of nuclei that work together to allow us to …

A

make the movement that we want to and not make the movements that we don’t want to

21
Q

Disorders of motor system include..

A

Paresis and paralysis

Atrophy - mm weakness begins after 3 days of disuse

Involuntary contractions - lack of control

Abnormal tone

Abnormal reflexes

Postural control

22
Q

Motor Lesion Signs includes…

A

Hemiplegia = weakness affecting one side of body

Paralysis = complete loss of voluntary contraction

Paraplegia = affects body below arms

Quadriplegia = all 4 limbs
Tetraplegia = limbs and head
23
Q

Hypokinetic disorders

A

decrease in the amount/speed in voluntary/automatic movement) such as Parkinson’s disease; Parkinson’s-plus disease; Parkinsonism;

24
Q

Hyperkinetic disorders

A

movement that is excessive and abnormal) such as Huntington’s disease; dystonia; tourette’s disorder; and dyskinetic cerebral palsy. (Lundy-Ekman, 2018).

25
Q

Athetosis

A

slow flailing of UE and LE and continuous movement.

26
Q

Dystonia

A

muscle contractions producing twisting movements that occur repeatedly.

27
Q

Dyskinesia

A

rhythmic repetitive movements most often in the face.

28
Q

Signs of Huntington’s Disease

A

Choera, consisting of involuntary, jerky, rapid movements and dementia

29
Q

Huntington’s Disease causes

A

degeneration in many areas of the brain, mainly in the striatum and cerebral cortex

30
Q

Degeneration caused by Huntington’s disease decreases…

A

-degeneration decreases signals from the basal ganglia output nuclei which results in disinhibition of the motor thalamus and PPN = excessive output from the motor areas of the cerebral cortex

31
Q

12 pairs of cranial nerve:

Think of to help remember the names of the nerves:
“Ooh, ooh, ooh to touch and feel very good velvet. Ah heaven”

Think of this to help remember if the nerve is sensory, motor or both : “Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more”

A
  1. Olfactory nerve - Sensory function: Related to sense of smell
  2. Optic nerve - Sensory function: Related to vision.
  3. Oculomotor nerve - Motor function: Related to ability to raise eye lids, move eyes, regulate size of pupils and focus on lenses.
  4. Trochlear nerve - Motor function: Eye movements and proprioception.
  5. Trigeminal nerve - Mixed function: Sensation of head and face, chewing movements, muscles sense.
  6. Abducens nerve – Motor function: Produce movements of the eyes.
  7. Facial nerves – Mixed function: Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, and taste.
  8. Vestibulocochlear nerve – Sensory function: Sense of balance and equilibrium.
  9. Glossopharyngeal nerve – Mixed function: Taste and other sensation of the tongue, swallowing, secretion of saliva, and aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration.
  10. Vagus nerve - Mixed function. Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral muscles in thorax and abdomen.
  11. Accessory nerve- Motor function. Associated with voice production, turning movements of the head, movements of shoulder and viscera.
  12. Hypoglossal nerve- Motor function. Associated with tongue movement.
32
Q

UMN below the lesion level will present as..

A

spasticity, rigidity, hyperactive reflexes, Babinski reflex, and clonus.

33
Q

LMN lesion will present with

A

flaccidity, hyporeflexia, and muscle atrophy.

34
Q

Disorders that affect the cerebellum: MS, stroke, tumor, alcoholic degeneration, and compression of the brainstem and cerebellum

Acquired disorders
or

Inherited degenerative disorders

A

Acquired disorders

35
Q

Disorders that affect the cerebellum: Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)

Acquired disorders
or

Inherited degenerative disorders

A

Inherited degenerative disorders

36
Q

Eye movements

A)Nystagmus
B) Ataxia
C) Dysarthria
D) Dysdiadochokinesia

A

Nystagmus

37
Q

impaired coordination, normal strength, jerky & inaccurate

A. Nystagmus
B. Ataxia
C. Dysarthria
D.Dysdiadochokinesia

A

Ataxia

38
Q

Slurred speech

A. Nystagmus
B. Ataxia
C. Dysarthria
D. Dysmetria

A

Dysarthria

39
Q

Inability to rapidly alternating movements

A. Dysmetria
B. Dysarthria
C. Dysdiadochokinesia
D. Ataxia

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

40
Q

Inability to accurately move an intended distance

A. Dysmetria
B. Action tremor
C. Dysarthria
D. Dysdiadochokinesia

A

Dysmetria

41
Q

What dysfunction is this: Clonus = Present

A

UMN: Dysfunction

42
Q

What dysfunction is this: Babinski reflex = Present

A

UMN: Dysfunction

43
Q

What dysfunction is this: Reflexes = Hyporeflexia

A

LMN: Dysfunction

44
Q

What dysfunction is this: Reflexes = Hyperreflexia

A

UMN: Dysfunction

45
Q

What dysfunction is this: Fasciculation/fibrillation = present

A

LMN: Dysfunction

46
Q

What dysfunction is this: Muscle atrophy = significant

A

LMN: Dysfunction

OTB 510 (4 decks)

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