Final Exam

Question 1

Lower motor neurons (LMN)

Answer 1

are the only neurons that carries signals to both the extrafusal/intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers, which means they carry signals to the muscles.

Question 2

Upper motor neurons (UMN)

Answer 2

gives off signals from the brain to the spinal cord, it also provides signal from the cerebrum to the cranial nerve lower motor neurons in the brainstem, which controls the motor activity of the body

Question 3

Upper Motor Neuron

• Originates from the..
• Located near ..
• Transmit nerve impulses from the ..
• Increased muscle tone and hyperactive deep reflexes are symptom…

Answer 3

• Originates from the motor region of the cerebral cortex or brainstem
• Located near the central nervous system
• Transmit nerve impulses from the brain to the synapses of the LMN
• Increased muscle tone and hyperactive deep reflexes are symptoms of damage

Question 4

There are three “functional regions” of the cerebellum: what are they?

Answer 4

1) Vestibulocerebellum (regulates equilibrium; coordinates motor activities for posture & head and eye movements)
2) Spinocerebellum (coordinates gross limb movements; integrates proprioceptive information to coordinate these movements)
3) Cerebrocerebellum (coordinates precise, distal voluntary movements)

Question 5

cerebellum effects movement through…

Answer 5

connections with motor tract cell bodies in the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and brainstem;

Question 6

the cerebellum adjusts …

Answer 6

posture and coordinates movements

Question 7

Specifically, injury to the cerebellum can cause a person to have difficulty with …

Answer 7

enunciation, eye movements and limb movements

Question 8

The brainstem is divided into three parts, what are they?

Answer 8

midbrain, pons and medulla

Question 9

Cranial nerve
3 & 4
Connect with:

Answer 9

Midbrain (Upper)

Question 10

Cranial nerve
5 through 8
Connect with:

Answer 10

Pons (Middle)

Question 11

Cranial nerve
9, 10, & 12
Connect with:

Answer 11

Medulla (Lower part of brainstem)

Question 12

Cranial nerve
11
Connect with:

Answer 12

cervical spinal cord, so this is not in the rule.

Question 13

vertical tract in the brainstem travels through the

Answer 13

sensory, motor and autonomic tract

Question 14

The reticular formation in the brainstem plays a very important function controlling the

Answer 14

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 15

autonomic nervous system (ANS) divided into two subdivision which is …

Answer 15

sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

Question 16

SNS controls the…

Answer 16

blood flow to the organs, regulates body temperature, metabolic rate, and the activity of viscera

Question 17

PNS controls…

Answer 17

bladder /bowel movement, decrease heart rate, increase digestion, increase secretion in the lungs, eyes, mouth, and controls erection /lubrication of sexual organs.

Question 18

motor tracts travels from the cortex through the ..

Answer 18

upper motor neuron (UMN) passes the brainstem and crosses over to the other side of the spinal cord and connects with the lower motor neuron (LMN) to the targeted cell

Question 19

sensory tract travels through the

Answer 19

peripheral nerves to the spinal and crosses over to the brainstem and the cortex.

Question 20

basal ganglia is a specialized collection of nuclei that work together to allow us to …

Answer 20

make the movement that we want to and not make the movements that we don’t want to

Question 21

Disorders of motor system include..

Answer 21

Paresis and paralysis

Atrophy - mm weakness begins after 3 days of disuse

Involuntary contractions - lack of control

Abnormal tone

Abnormal reflexes

Postural control

Question 22

Motor Lesion Signs includes…

Answer 22

Hemiplegia = weakness affecting one side of body

Paralysis = complete loss of voluntary contraction

Paraplegia = affects body below arms

Quadriplegia = all 4 limbs
Tetraplegia = limbs and head

Question 23

Hypokinetic disorders

Answer 23

decrease in the amount/speed in voluntary/automatic movement) such as Parkinson’s disease; Parkinson’s-plus disease; Parkinsonism;

Question 24

Hyperkinetic disorders

Answer 24

movement that is excessive and abnormal) such as Huntington’s disease; dystonia; tourette’s disorder; and dyskinetic cerebral palsy. (Lundy-Ekman, 2018).

Question 25

Athetosis

Answer 25

slow flailing of UE and LE and continuous movement.

Question 26

Dystonia

Answer 26

muscle contractions producing twisting movements that occur repeatedly.

Question 27

Dyskinesia

Answer 27

rhythmic repetitive movements most often in the face.

Question 28

Signs of Huntington’s Disease

Answer 28

Choera, consisting of involuntary, jerky, rapid movements and dementia

Question 29

Huntington’s Disease causes

Answer 29

degeneration in many areas of the brain, mainly in the striatum and cerebral cortex

Question 30

Degeneration caused by Huntington's disease decreases...

Answer 30

-degeneration decreases signals from the basal ganglia output nuclei which results in disinhibition of the motor thalamus and PPN = excessive output from the motor areas of the cerebral cortex

Question 31

12 pairs of cranial nerve: Think of to help remember the names of the nerves: "Ooh, ooh, ooh to touch and feel very good velvet. Ah heaven" Think of this to help remember if the nerve is sensory, motor or both : "Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more"

Answer 31

1. Olfactory nerve - Sensory function: Related to sense of smell 2. Optic nerve - Sensory function: Related to vision. 3. Oculomotor nerve - Motor function: Related to ability to raise eye lids, move eyes, regulate size of pupils and focus on lenses. 4. Trochlear nerve - Motor function: Eye movements and proprioception. 5. Trigeminal nerve - Mixed function: Sensation of head and face, chewing movements, muscles sense. 6. Abducens nerve – Motor function: Produce movements of the eyes. 7. Facial nerves – Mixed function: Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, and taste. 8. Vestibulocochlear nerve – Sensory function: Sense of balance and equilibrium. 9. Glossopharyngeal nerve – Mixed function: Taste and other sensation of the tongue, swallowing, secretion of saliva, and aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration. 10. Vagus nerve - Mixed function. Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral muscles in thorax and abdomen. 11. Accessory nerve- Motor function. Associated with voice production, turning movements of the head, movements of shoulder and viscera. 12. Hypoglossal nerve- Motor function. Associated with tongue movement.

Question 32

UMN below the lesion level will present as..

Answer 32

spasticity, rigidity, hyperactive reflexes, Babinski reflex, and clonus.

Question 33

LMN lesion will present with

Answer 33

flaccidity, hyporeflexia, and muscle atrophy.

Question 34

Disorders that affect the cerebellum: MS, stroke, tumor, alcoholic degeneration, and compression of the brainstem and cerebellum Acquired disorders or Inherited degenerative disorders

Answer 34

Acquired disorders

Question 35

Disorders that affect the cerebellum: Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Acquired disorders or Inherited degenerative disorders

Answer 35

Inherited degenerative disorders

Question 36

Eye movements A)Nystagmus B) Ataxia C) Dysarthria D) Dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 36

Nystagmus

Question 37

impaired coordination, normal strength, jerky & inaccurate A. Nystagmus B. Ataxia C. Dysarthria D.Dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 37

Ataxia

Question 38

Slurred speech A. Nystagmus B. Ataxia C. Dysarthria D. Dysmetria

Answer 38

Dysarthria

Question 39

Inability to rapidly alternating movements A. Dysmetria B. Dysarthria C. Dysdiadochokinesia D. Ataxia

Answer 39

Dysdiadochokinesia

Question 40

Inability to accurately move an intended distance A. Dysmetria B. Action tremor C. Dysarthria D. Dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 40

Dysmetria

Question 41

What dysfunction is this: Clonus = Present

Answer 41

UMN: Dysfunction

Question 42

What dysfunction is this: Babinski reflex = Present

Answer 42

UMN: Dysfunction

Question 43

What dysfunction is this: Reflexes = Hyporeflexia

Answer 43

LMN: Dysfunction

Question 44

What dysfunction is this: Reflexes = Hyperreflexia

Answer 44

UMN: Dysfunction

Question 45

What dysfunction is this: Fasciculation/fibrillation = present

Answer 45

LMN: Dysfunction

Question 46

What dysfunction is this: Muscle atrophy = significant

Answer 46

LMN: Dysfunction