FINAL EXAM Flashcards
All the following are true regarding Hanin’s Individualized Zone of Optimal Functioning (IZOF)
identifies emotional patterns optimal performance can include positive and negative performance positive performance enhancing positive performance impairing negative perofrmance enhancing negative performance impairing
Coach Johnson is a beginning coach who frequently hinders his players’ achieving a peak performance by:
inability to deal with crisis unrealistic expectations overcoaching and excessive interactions with team members inability to make fair decision inability to keep it simple
According to Jones and colleagues, the framework of mental toughness contains which two (2) subcomponents?
belief and focus
Which statement(s) is/are TRUE regarding the psychological construct of flow?
state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter
base of intrinsically motivated experience or self-rewarding activity
not directly associated with peak performance
psychological process underlying peak performance
enjoyment an intrinsically rewarding
Sue is more likely to experience flow than Sally because she has:
9 dimensions
challenges of situation match skills of athlete
awareness and action merge
goals are clear
feedback indicate that we were correct
total concentration on the task
paradox of control, without actively attempting to be in control
loss of self-consciousness
time seems to speed up of slow down
experience is enjoyable - becomes the rewards
what are characteristic necessary for success at the highest level in sport?
high self confidence total commitment strong performance focus ability to cope with stress and distraction good attention focus rebound from mistakes optimistic attitude high personal standarts
Which are psychological characteristics during peak experiences in sport?
loss of fear no fear of failure total immersion in activity narrow focus of attention on present feeling in complete control time/space disorientation feeling that performance was automatic and effortless control over emotions and control
Interviews with elite athletes have found that when they perform poorly it is often because they?
over or underarousal worried about losing losing focus when under pressure depart from normal routine do not adhere to mental preparation
Elite compared to less elite athletes benefit more from switching these two imagery techniques:
external imagery technique
internal imagery technique
Imagery involves which of the following senses?
auditory - sound olfactory - smell gustatory - taste tactile - touch kinesthetic - feel
Bioinformational theory states that mental image is an organized set of characteristics stored in the brain’s long-term memory. The characteristics which activate the content of the image are:
stimulus characteristics: describe the content of the image for them
response characteristics: describe what their responses are to the stimuli in that situation.
Stimulus and response propositions deal with which explanation for why imagery works?
bioinformational theory
When we say that imagery is a “polysensory experience”, we mean that:
controllability
vividness: how clearly athletes can see an image and how detailed the image appears to them
it uses all relevant senses
Sue realizes that she performs poorly on tests because she gets so anxious that she loses confidence. She wants to improve her test taking and for weeks before her next test she imagines sitting down to take the test while remaining calm, in control, and totally confident. The preceding is an example of:
Self-awareness
A person who images playing a musical instrument from the perspective of being inside his own body has an:
Internal imagery perspective
Basic imagery training involves training in:
vividness
controling
self-awareness
An optimal time(s) to use imagery is:
daily (before during and after practice)
in different places and positions
All of the below are techniques for identifying self-talk
retrospection
imagery
keeping a self-talk book
We can use our self-talk to:
skill acquisition and performance changing bad habits attention control creating mood and controlling effort changing mood and the effect of emotions building self-efficacy and confidence adoption and maintenance of exercise behavior
All are examples of distorted thinking
perfection is essential catastrophizing worth depends on achievement personalization fallacy of fairness blaming polarized thinking and labeling one trial generalizations shoulds emotional reasoning
The ABC cognitive restructuring technique, based on the work of Albert Ellis, suggests that:
keeping a daily record in which athletes record not only their upsetting thoughts but also the resulting feelings and behavior and the negative events that triggered them.
cognitive techniques for improving performance?
thought-stoppage changing negative thoughts to positive thoughts countering reframing ABC cognitive restructuring affirmation statements mastery and coping tapes video technology
ways to assess self-talk?
countering - internal dialogue, use of facts and reasons
reframing - creating alternative frames, identify irrational and distorted thinking
Which of the following is believed to be a mechanism that produces negative self-talk?
inappropriate or misguided thinking usually leads to negative feelings and poor performance
thoughts directly affect feelings and ultimately actions
Using a trigger word or image to stop negative self-statements is called
Thought stoppage: interrupting or stopping the undesirable thought.
Self-efficacy is defined as an individual’s judgment about his/her
situational specific type of confidence referring to one´s expectation of suceeding at a specific task
Guidelines for writing/achieving affirmation statements include all of the following
affirmation is believable and vivid should capture the desired feeling slogans self-esteem list success list avoid perfectionist statements
what are the 4 irrational believes
- I must at all times perform outstandingly well
- others who are significant to me have to approve and love me
- everyone has got to treat me kindly and fairly
- the conditions of my life, must be arranged so that I get what I want when I want
As arousal moves out of the moderate range, performers are more likely to
go to their dominant attentional focus style
A quarterback needs to shift his attentional focus from surveying the field for receivers to delivery of a pass. This shift would be from
from broad external to narrow external attentional style
According to the text, “choking” should be defined as
significant drop to performance
atletes cannot regain control by themselves- outside assistant
focused on pressure -> physiological arousal gets too high
The narrowing and internal focus associated with choking can result in
physiological and attentional changes
performance problems
Which of the following strategies reduce the novelty effect on performance
dress rehearsal
rehearsal of simulated competition experiences
mental rehearsal
Which of these is a strategy to stay centered?
strategy 2 - centering
Which activity is best paired with the most effective attentional focus?
broad internal drills - perform important skill in low stress environment
instruct to focus on every body sensation while attending to what they might be feeling or thinking. emphasize keeping a passive, open awareness
We are most likely to use our preferred or dominant attentional style
when pressure increases -> beneficial of dominant attentional style matches demands of task and if individual is confident in abilities
In the attention control reading, Nideffer describes the components of “choking” as:
performance decreases progressively and uncontrollably
occurs when physiological arousal increase beyond desired level
attention involuntarily narrows and becomes more internally focused
Dress rehearsal is helpful for an athlete because it
is based on the concept that ease in competitive performance is unconsciously conditioned by the external and internal stimuli that surround athletes during practice
the greater # of stimuli between practice and competition the more performance will decrease
A skill that teaches performers to hold their attention on a predetermined task, and if their attention wanders, to gently bring their attention back is known as
focus training - similar to meditative practices
Ben takes the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style and gets a high score on the OET scale. This means
he has error because he focuses on irrelevant external stimuli
An athlete frequently chokes. How could this be prevented?
eliminate physicl feeling associated with excessive tension
ignore and reinterpret physical feeling
incorporate detailed pre-performance routines
You are ______ within a performance situation when your body weight is distributed about your center of mass in a way that feels comfortable
centered
A power gender imbalance in coaching has occurred since Title IX was passed, where men have become dominant figures in female collegiate sport
because money is nowadays in female sports available - more male coaches enter
possible consequence of being harassed?
Humiliation and degrading Undermines self-esteem, performance and careers Depression Not caring about appearance Blame self/ashamed for no reason Feels guilty Withdraws one’s self Suicidal
components of sexual harassment
submitting or rejecting this conduct is used as the basis for making decisions which affect the individual
such conduct has the purpose o effect of interfering with an individual´s performance
such conduct creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive environment
Sexual harassment and discrimination can only be subjectively defined.
False
Grooming is the process by which a perpetrator isolates and prepares an intended victim
True targeting the victim building trust and friendship developing isolation initiation of sexual abuse
good policy for coaches and teachers?
use discretion when alone with an athlete
don´t drive alone with an athlete
don´t touch an athlete outside of necessary
document behavior
don´t say anything and listen to false accusations
be aware of sexual harassment policies on campus
guard against any action that has slightest appearance of harassment
ABC cognitive restructuring technique
A - briefly describe the activating event in terms of what happened, what one saw and heard
B - record the the exact content of whatever dysfunctional self-talk one thought or said out loud
C - record the resulting emotional and behavioral consequences
John is a very successful athlete and Dick rarely succeeds. John is more likely to:
have high self-confidence and few self-doubts, use imagery more often, and control anxiety better
scales that measure psychological skills used by athletes
PSIS (psychological skills inventory for sport)
TOPD (test of performance strategies)
Ottawa mental skill assessment tool
uses of imagery
Learning and practicing sport skills correcting mistakes learning and practicing performance strategies preparing a mental focus for competition automating pre performance routines building and enhancing mental skills aiding in the recovery from injuries
The reasons why harassment occurs in sport include which of the following?
Close bonds hands on physical culture emotionally-laden space traveling with players and other coaches often little age difference generational issues overall skankiness of popular culture
Sexual coercion often occurs across a spectrum that includes sex discrimination to sexual harassment to sexual abuse.
true
Sexual harassment can be defined as institutional practices that undermine the confidence, performance, and advancement prospects of an individual based on gender or sexual orientation.
false - that is the definition for sexual discrimination
definition of sexual harassment
any form of sexual behavior or suggestion in verbal, non verbal, or physical form; whether intentional or not; which is regarded by the person experiencing it as undesired or forced
Many victims of harassment can feel self-blame, shame, and/or guilt.
true
examples of sexual harassment
Peer harassment
sexual advances
touching of a sexual nature
graffiti of a sexual nature
displaying or distributing sexual explicit drawings, pics, or written materials
sexual gestures
sexual or “dirty” jokes
talking about one’s sexual activities in front of others
spreading rumors about others’ sexual activity
good policies for organizations
sexual harassment clause in employee book
require workshops including role play
resource person available
discuss issues within department
advise for athletes or students who have experienced unwanted advancements
tell someone keep records say NO be confident report incident
One of the reasons that complaints of harassment go unheard is that a resource person from the organization does not address complaints in a timely and effective manner.
true
policies for coaches that have been falsely accused
listen carefully try to have other present careful with physical contact apologize if touched a body part develop policies
During the season a sport psychologist has the football players practice imagery after first watching a videotape in which they are performing the same skill as the one they intend to image. The coaches can’t believe how quickly the players improved their performance and consistency. What is the best explanation for the preceding?
watching success allows our brain to be able to put pieces into an internal picture
what are uses of imagery
learning and practicing skills correcting mistakes learning and practicing performance strategies preparing mental focus automatic pre performance routine building and enhancing mental stress aiding in recovery from injuries
A performer’s imagery abilities can be strengthened through a basic training imagery program that uses exercises to develop each of the following except for:
vividness
controllability
self-awareness
An athlete tries to image shooting free throws under pressure, but the ball keeps hitting the rim and bouncing off. This is an example of lack of:
controllability
Athletes who incorporate all the senses into their image are going to score high on what aspect of imagery?
vividness
When imagery helps athletes optimize arousal, attention, and confidence, it is hypothesized to have occurred through the:
Mental Readiness Explanation
The probable reason that 37 runners broke the four-minute mile barrier within one year after Roger Bannister originally did was their:
expectations that it could be done
