Final Exam Flashcards
CATV stands for…
Community Antennae Television
Who started CATV? Where & Why?
John & Margaret Walton, Mahaony City, PA; Residents had trouble receive PA stations because of the mountains
What company that started CA-TV and what was their service?
The Service Electric Company; sold, installed, and repaired GE appliances, including TV sets
Who was the first to distribute paid TV programming (HBO)?
The Waltons
Cable operators found that CATV could….,which local broadcasters couldn’t
Carry more channels
In 1972, the FCC allowed CATV to…
expand in the top 100 markets
CATV operators needed to provide…
At least 1 public/educational/government channel
What are the “Must Carry” Rules?
Must carry local/public stations within a 50 mile radius of a cable provider’s service area.
Why were “Must Carry” rules established?
The insure that local stations didn’t lose their market share
Communications Act of 1992
Allowed cable systems to drop redundant carriage of signals where stations within the service are duplicated programming
What is the one thing the FCC regulates for CATV
Basic rates
How does cable make a profit? (4)
- Monthly subscriptions for service
- Local ad sales
- Pay-per-view programming, and now…
- Internet & phone service
When did HBO start? Where?
1972, locally in New York
In ____, HBO became a viable pay channel
1978
First kids show on HBO
Fraggle Rock
On what date & where did MTV get it’s start?
August 1, 1982, NYC
MTV’s campaign slogan
“I want my MTV”
In ____, ESPN was launched
1979
On what date did ESPN begin 24 hr. programming?
September 1, 1980
In ____, ABC purchased ESPN
1984 (4 years after 24 hour program.)
____ was the 1st network to hire women as sports anchors
ESPN
By ____ ESPN had as many subscribers as CNN
2007
The 1st significant overhaul of the US telecom law in over 60 years, signed by which president
Telecommunications Act of 1996, Clinton
First telecom act to include the internet
Telecommunications Act of 1996
Who established the Telecom Act or 1996, and what was it’s primary goal
The FCC; Deregulation of broadcasting & telecommunication markets, allowed for media-cross ownership (anyone can enter telecom busniess)
Telecommunications Act of 1996 forced telephone companies to…
Share with their line with competitors at regulated rates
TItle 5 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996
Communications Decency Act - aimed to regulate internet indecency and obscenity, but was rule unconstitutional by Supreme Court (1st amendment)
In ____, cable switched from coaxial to fiber optic
1992
First cable TV show to receive an Emmy Award
Mad Men, Outstanding TV Drama Series
Cable TV subscribers are declining, but their income is increasing because of…
Internet service
Annual number of text messages in the US
2.27 Trillion
Largest TV subscribers list
- Comcast: 23 million
- DirecTV
- Dish Network
- Time Warner
- Cox Communications
- Netflix
Arthur C. Clarke (1945)
wrote an article; by placing 2 platforms in space into special orbits, 22,300 above the equator, worldwide communications can be received
The first country to explore DBS, first satellite launched, and what date?
Russia, Sputnik, October 4, 1957
First US satellite launched and what date?
Explorer 1, January 1, 1958 (3 months after sputnik)
First communications satellite name, who developed it, and for what reason
Syncom II, group of business and government agenicies, for military purposes
Date of the first satellite communication, and who was it between?
July 26, 1963, btw US Navy ship in Nigeria, and US Army naval station in New Jersey
During which decade did the TV industry begin using satellite communication
Mid 70s
Geosynchronus orbit
Hovering in one spot above the equator
What did HBO initiate in 1975
Satellite delivery of programming to cable
Taylor Howard, 1976
Standford prof & former NASA scientist,Created the first cnosumer Direct to Home Satellite System
In ____, Pat Robertson launched the first satellite delivered Christian Broad Netowrk channel, later named (The Family Channel)
1978
The “Big Dish” sales soared from ___ to ____
1981-1985
Average cost of Big Dish system
Started at $10,000, but dropped to $3,000 by 1985
The “Big draw” to dish system
Free programming
The Cable Act of 1984
Allowed cable systems to encrypt their satellite feeds; delivered programs by scrambling
Primestar was created by _________ in ____
4 large cable companies, early 1990s
Hughes DirecTV started in ___ and bought ______
1994, Primestar
Smaller dishes had this advantage over the large ones
Better quality sound and picture
DirecTV pioneer the development of…
“The 18” dish”
Dish Network Company formed
1996
What is SHIVA and when did it start?
Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act, Nov. 1999
Future plans for DBS (4)
- More music stations
- More internet and possible phone service
- Satellite signal to car and GPS
- Satellite signal to smartphones
When was the internet built and for who?
1960s, to be a military communication network
What is Arpanet?
Advanced Research Project Agency; begins research on distributed communication network
Who invented e-mail and what year?
Ray Tomlinson, 1971, and pick the ‘@’ symbol
IBM brings PC to their market in ____
1981
Who time magazine recognized the computer in 1982 as…
Man of the Year
In 1987, an e-mail link was established between
Germany & China
What is Gopher?
The first search engine
What year was “Surfing the net” coined as a term?
1992
What year did the White House start public e-mail?
1992
What did Pizza Hut pioneer in 1994
Online pizza orders
What is Mosaic and what year did it begin?
First graphic based web designer; 1994
When did Netscape start and what were they credited for (2)?
1994 - 1st dominant web browser, but lost to Internet Explorer in the first browser war; Credited for developing Secure Sockets Layer Protocol for online communications security
When did Internet Explorer begin?
1995
When did Google start?
1998
How do search engines make money?
Sponsored links
4 myths about search engines
- Impartial information tools
- Searches the entire web and picks most relevant results
- Varies greatly, offering choice and competition
What is Net Neutrality?
Every website is entitled to the same internet network speed and access, regardless of who owns it
