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Ocean 100 SDSU > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

How old is our solar system?

A

4.6 Billion years old

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2
Q

What event initiated our nebula to condense and form our solar system?

A

A supernova (great explosion of a star)

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3
Q

What is a nebula?

A

Cloud of gas and dust

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4
Q

When did dinosaurs exist?

A

65 million years ago

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5
Q

In the structure of our core, iron and nickel _____ while silicate rocks _____ .
(sink/float), (float/sink

A

sink/float. Iron and nickel are much more denser

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6
Q

What is the difference between a kupiter and an asteroid belt?

A

Kupiter= belt of comets

Asteroid belt= belt of asteroids

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7
Q

What are earths layers?

A 
Lithosphere (100km): Crust +Upper Mantle 
Asthenosphere (600km thick): weak layer 
Mesosphere: lower mantle 
Outer core: molten metal 
Inner core: solid
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8
Q

t/f the outer core is made of solid metal

A

false, it is made up of molten metal

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9
Q

How exactly did our atmosphere form? (which factor)

A

volcanic outgassing released H20, CO2, N2, SO2, Cl2, CH4, NH3… remember first 3 (in order of abundance)

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10
Q

What happened (as a result) of huge amounts of H20 being released by volcanoes?

A

Rained for a long period of time

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11
Q

What are some of the sources for the formation of our oceans?

A
  1. rain from volcanic outgassing

2. icy comets

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12
Q

How old are the earliest living organisms?

A

4 billion years old

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13
Q

What is the date for the start of photosynthetic algae?

A

2.5 Billion years ago

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14
Q

When did animals evolve?

A

600 million years ago

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15
Q

What are the 2 main types of energy?

A

Kinetic (movement) and heat (movement of energy)

*both are connected because kinetic energy can cause heat energy.

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16
Q

What are the 2 main sources of heat energy?

A

Solar (external)

Geothermal (internal; inner/outer core): convection

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17
Q

What is convection?

A

sinking of cold air— more dense

rise of warm air— less dense

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18
Q

If the ocean expands, the water must be _____. If the oceans contract, the water must be _____.
(cold, warm) (warm, cold)

A

warm, cold

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19
Q

Do cold waters have high or low energy?

A

low

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20
Q

Which is denser oceanic or continental crust? which one is thicker?

A

oceanic is denser but continental crust is thicker.

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21
Q

In which layer does convection occur in?

A

asthenosphere

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22
Q

What are the types of plate boundaries? Provide an example of them

A
  1. Divergent: moving away from each other
    ex: mid ocean ridges
  2. Convergent: coming towards each other
    ex: subduction zones
  3. Transform: sliding past each other
    ex: San Andreas
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23
Q

Which plate is SD located in?

A

pacific plate

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24
Q

At which plate boundary, is oceanic lithosphere created?

A

Divergent; mid ocean ridges

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25
Q

What is the result of mid ocean ridges?

A

huge volcanic mountain chain under ocean

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26
Q

Which plate subducts underneath the North American plate?

A

The Juan de Fuca plate

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27
Q

The Himalayas are a result of what?

A

Convergent boundaries: continental collision

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28
Q

In Southern California, our plate boundary is _____

(divergent, convergent or transform)?

A

transform

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29
Q

What connects mid ocean ridges?

A

transform boundaries

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30
Q

Where do hot spots appear?

A

In the middle of a plate, creating a line of volcanoes

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31
Q

What are hotspots?

A

A deep mantle plume of hot rock rising by convection

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32
Q

What is an example of a hotspot location?

A

Hawaii

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33
Q

In which direction is our plate moving?

A

North west

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34
Q

About __% of earths surface is below sea level.

A

70%

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35
Q

t/f the abyssal plain is part of a continent.

A

false

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36
Q

What are the 2 types of continental margins?

A

passive and active

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37
Q

Describe passive margins

A

They are found within a plate with little tectonic activity, they have a larger shelf and these margins are mainly found in the Atlantic. (very flat areas )

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38
Q

Describe active margins

A

They are found at plate boundaries (convergent and transform) not at divergent because MOR are not part of a continent. Here they have a narrow shelf and is actively tectonic. Main includes pacific margins (uplifted)

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39
Q

What makes up the water molecule?

A

2 hydrogens + 1 oxygen atom bonded together

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40
Q

What is h20’s bond angle?

A

105 degrees

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41
Q

Water is a _____ molecule.

*think polarity

A

dipolar

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42
Q

Which h20 end attracts the (-) side of a molecule?

(hydrogen or oxygen)?

A

hydrogen is positive therefore, attracts the negative side of any other molecule

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43
Q

Which h20 end attracts the (+) side of a molecule?

A

Oxygen, it is negative therefore attracts the positive end of any other molecule.

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44
Q

What happens to h20 as a result of polarity?

A

universal solvent; dissolves any substance.

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45
Q

What is heat capacity?

A

The amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 gm of a substance by 1 degree

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46
Q

Does h20 have a high or low heat capacity? what does this mean?

A

H2O has a high heat capacity. This means that it takes a lot of heat for h2o to change substances.

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47
Q

Long time to heat up/cool down is called what?

A

Thermal Inertia

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48
Q

oceans moderate climate of _____.

A

coasts

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49
Q

What keeps hurricanes alive?

A

Oceans

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50
Q

When do hurricanes occur?Why?

A

Fall/Winter- because they release their energy during summer.

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51
Q

How does salinity and temperature affect density?

A

low temperature, increases density
high salinity, increases density
so, cold salty waters are dense

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52
Q

t/f Cold salty waters rise at high latitudes

A

false they sink

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53
Q

What is the average salinity of seawater?

A

35ppt or 3.5%

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54
Q

What are the most abundant ions?

A

Chloride and Sodium

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55
Q

Where is salinity highest?

A

mid latitudes (30 degrees N & S)

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56
Q

What is an example of high salinity?

A

Mediterranean Sea

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57
Q

Surface salinity is _______ where precipitation is _______

highest, highest) (lowest, highest) (highest, lowest) (lowest, lowest

A

Surface salinity is lowest where precipitation is highest
&
Surface salinity is highest where precipitation is lowest

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58
Q

What decreases salinity?

A

Rivers

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59
Q

Is salinity low or high at high latitudes? Why?

A

low, there is high precipitation, low evaporation and river runoff (melting icebergs) brings fresh water

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60
Q

explain the conditions at subtropical regions where salinity is highest

A
  • hardly rains
  • high evaporation
  • deserts are found at these regions
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61
Q

explain the conditions at equator

A
  • salinity is in between

- balance— high precipitation and high evaporation

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62
Q

Water gets denser when its colder, at what low temperature does water stop getting denser? why?

A

4 degrees celsius (39 F) because at 0 degrees, ice forms and ice is less dense than water

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63
Q

Why is ice less dense?

A

molecules are further apart

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64
Q

Where do salt ions come from?

A
  • continental rocks/sediments flowing through rivers
  • volcanic activity- chloride comes from volcanic eruptions
  • hydrothermal vents-stuff that comes out provides oceans with salts
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65
Q

Describe the density structure of oceans

A
  • surface layer (2%) of oceans and reaches up to about 200m, mixed later driven by wind (currents and waves produced here
  • thermocline (200-1000m) rapid temp decrease with depth
  • Deep Zone (1000-4000m) dark, cold, salty and the densest waters
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66
Q

In evaporation is heat released or absorbed? Explain.

A

Heat is absorbed- evaporation is a cooling phase change (liquid to gas)

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67
Q

In condensation, is heat released or absorbed?

A

Heat is released (gas to liquid)

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68
Q

Explain solar radiation at polar regions

A

Shallow angle, larger area: Energy is reflected

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69
Q

Explain solar radiation at low latitudes

A

Sun is at a high angle over a small area, energy is absorbed

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70
Q

What 2 factors distribute heat around earth

A

atmospheric circulation and ocean currents

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71
Q

Cold waters push _____ while warm waters push ______.

A

South, North

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72
Q

Cold waters are found in the ______

north, south east, west

A

west

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73
Q

Warm waters are usaully found in the _____

north, south, east, west

A

east

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74
Q

Hurricanes need what type of waters? (cold/warm) is the California current an example?

A

warm, the cali. current is way too cold

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75
Q

What is the most abundant gas in our atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen

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76
Q

What is the composition of our atmosphere?

A

78% is Nitrogen
21% is Oxygen
0.9% is Argon
0.04% is Carbon Dioxide

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77
Q

t/f temp increases with altitude in the troposphere

A

false, it decreases

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78
Q

What is unique about the troposphere?

A

Convection takes place. Warm air rises while cold air sinks

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79
Q

is warm air humid or dry? is cold air humid or dry?

A

warm air is humid, cold air is dry

80
Q

Low pressure is

A

a light column of air rising (expands)

81
Q

High pressure is

A

Heavy column of air sinking (contracts)

82
Q

Air moves from ______ pressure to _____ pressure.

A

high to low

83
Q

Hadley cell circulates from ___ to ____ degrees

A

0-30

84
Q

Because of Coriolis effect, everything in the North hemisphere moves to the ____ and in the south everything moves to the ___.

A

right, left

85
Q

Where is there no Coriolis effect? where is it highest?

A

no Coriolis at equator

high effect at poles

86
Q

Where do prevailing winds originate? (lat).

A

30 degrees

87
Q

The trade winds flow…

A

east to west (towards equator)

88
Q

The westerlies flow…

A

west to east toward poles

89
Q

Cyclones are __ pressure, they rotate ___________, and this term is used to describe _______ +

A

Cyclones are low pressure, they rotate counter clockwise and this term is used to describe hurricanes, storms lightning

90
Q

Anticyclones are ____ pressure and rotate _____.

A

Anticyclones are high pressure and rotate clockwise

91
Q

Southern CA is having a ___ pressure system.

A

Low

92
Q

Hurricanes are…

A

A storm forming at tropical regions (5-25 degrees) and spinning very fast counterclockwise

93
Q

Hurricane VS Typhoon VS Cyclone

A

All are the same but location is different

94
Q

If a hurricane is a rotating low P system then it is a

A

Cyclone

95
Q

Where do hurricanes die off? Why?

A

On land because oceans are their source of power

96
Q

Why is the eye of a hurricane very calm and clear?

A

Because of rotation, air sinks dries up and forms a H pressure system.

97
Q

What are conditions for hurricanes?

A
  1. 120 km/hr winds
  2. Seawater has to be warm
  3. warm/humid/moist air
  4. Weak wind shear
98
Q

What is a storm surge?

A

When oceans are sucked upward (hurricanes) and come into land causing floods

99
Q

Why was hurricane Katrina catastrophic?

A

It was very flat, below sea level, passive margin

80% of New Orleans was flooded

100
Q

What are the most abundant greenhouse gases?

A

H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, O3

remember first one at least

101
Q

Increase in CO2 levels correlate with what?

A

increase in temperature

102
Q

t/f Over time there has been a steady but small rise in sea level

A

true

103
Q

Since the death of the dinosaurs have we been in a natural warming or cooling phase?

A

cooling

104
Q

What is going on in the Arctic?

A

10% ice loss/decade, its sea ice is shrinking and if we keep losing, the oceans will heat up faster

105
Q

What is the force that makes surface currents move?

A

prevailing winds

106
Q

What are the 2 types of currents ?

A 
Surface currents (wind driven) 
Deep currents (density driven
107
Q

What are Western Boundary Currents?

A

warm currents that originate from tropics and flow to the west of an ocean basin (east of continent) ex: gulf stream

108
Q

What are Eastern Boundary Currents?

A

Cold currents that originate from polar regions, flow to the east part of an ocean basin. ex: california current

109
Q

In what direction (clock/counter clockwise) do currents move (N. hemisphere)

A

clockwise

110
Q

What leads to up/downwelling?

A

Ekman flow

111
Q

What is biological productivity?

A

Amount of carbon fixed by plants: amount of photosynthesis in oceans

112
Q

Where is productivity highest? lowest?

A

Highest at poles, lowest in the middle of gyres

113
Q

Primary productivity is _____ in the polar oceans because ______.

A

high; there is no thermocline, water moves vertically easily

114
Q

t/f the whale shark is the largest fish on earth because it eats large prey

A

false; it eats small organisms (ex: krill)

115
Q

t/f the cetaceans are a group of marine mammals that include manatees

A

false, the group for manatees is called Sirenia

116
Q

t/f the avg bycatch is 65%

A

false its 25%

117
Q

t/f the avg by catch is 65%

A

false its 25%

118
Q

What are the 3 types of sea plants?

A
  1. plants
  2. Protists: algae
  3. Bacteria: phytoplankton
    * NOTE: not all are categorized as plants but they all photosynthesize
119
Q

What is the layer in which photosynthesis takes place?

A

euphotic zone (first 200m)

120
Q

Why are oceans blue?

A

Because blue and green wavelengths are the strongest in the spectrum

121
Q

What are the inputs/outputs of photosynthesis?

A

Input: water and Carbon Dioxide
Output: Sugar and Glucose

122
Q

What are the inputs/outputs of photosynthesis?

A

Input: water and Carbon Dioxide
Output: Sugar and Oxygen

123
Q

What is the opposite of photosynthesis?

A

Respiration

124
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of respiration?

A

Input: Sugar and Oxygen
Output: Water and Carbon Dioxide

125
Q

Where are photosynthetic marine organisms mainly found?

A

Shallow coastal areas

126
Q

What are examples of seed plants?

A

These are “true plants” includes grasses and mangroves

127
Q

What are the types of protists?

A

Large Algae: brown, red, green algae
Phytoplankton: most abundant, most producers
(ex: diatoms, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates)

128
Q

What are the 2 domains?

A

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

129
Q

What organisms fall into the eukaryote domain?

A

Animals, Plants, Fungi and Protista

130
Q

What is part of protista?

A

algae and phytoplankton

ex: diatoms, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates

131
Q

What organisms fall into the prokaryote domain?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

132
Q

What is part of bacteria?

A

Cyanobacteria and blue/green algae

133
Q

What is part of archaea?

A

Organisms from hydrothermal vents

134
Q

What are the regions of high productivity?

A
  1. Poles (no thermocline-upwelling+downwelling)
  2. Coasts (upwelling-esp. western margin of continents)
  3. Coral Reefs
135
Q

What are regions of low productivity?

A

Open ocean (within gyres) because it is far from influence of land - no up/down welling. In addition, they have a permanent strong thermocline so it presents no challenges for organisms (too stable)

136
Q

Where do fishing industries thrive?

A

Western margin of continents

137
Q

What happens to organisms in polar oceans during summer?

A

Diatom+zooplankton increase, those who eat them increase as well

138
Q

Which lat=low productivity?

A

30 degrees

139
Q

As we go up the food chain, what happens to energy?

A

It decreases, as we go up, we take 10% of energy

140
Q

All photosynthetic organisms are known as ______ and ________ because they produce their own food.

A

Autotrophs and producers

141
Q

All animals that consume photosynthetic organisms are ____ and _______

A

consumers and heterotrophs

142
Q

What is the pelagic zone?

A

the open sea

143
Q

What are examples of vertebrates?

A

Fishes, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds

144
Q

What are some adaptations of vertebrates to the marine environment?

A
  1. Swimming
    ex: fishes have a streamlined shape, mammals have modified limbs
  2. Avoiding Predators
    ex: schooling, camouflage, speed, symbiotic relationships
  3. Gas Exchange
    All animals take in o2 and release co2 (respiration)
    ex: diffusion in fish
  4. Adaptation of deep sea fishes
    They have very good senses, sharp teeth, bioluminescent, male is permanently attached
145
Q

What is the process of diffusion for fish respiration/gills?

A

fishes take in a gulp of water, rich in o2 and release water poor in o2 (rich in co2)

146
Q

What are some examples of adapted deep sea fishes?

A

dumbo fish, angler fish etc

147
Q

What is the process in which animals use bacteria for light? What type of relationship is it

A

This process is called luciferase and exists in symbiotic relationships.

148
Q

What is the scientific word for the category of bony fishes?

A

Osteichthyes

149
Q

Describe Osteichthyes

A
  • Most successful group in oceans due to diversity (3 of species), adaptations
  • bone skeleton
  • ex: placoderms, armoured jawed fishes
150
Q

What is the scientific term for Cartilaginous fishes?

A

chondrichthyes

151
Q

describe Chondrichthyes

A
  • cartilage skeleton
  • mostly live in cold waters due to nutrients
  • ex: sharks,rays
152
Q

Are sharks dangerous?

A

No, nearly 80% of species are not dangerous

153
Q

How many people are killed by sharks?

A

5-15 not huge

154
Q

What are Shark features?

A
  1. Not dangerous
  2. Remarkable Senses
    - can smell 1 part/billion
  3. Very successful- well adapted fishes
    - evolved for the last 400 million years
155
Q

What is the largest fish on earth?

A

Whale shark, 15m but very docile

-they feed on large amounts of plankton

156
Q

What are the universal/general characteristics of marine mammals?

A
  • Mammary glands (breastfeeding)
  • hair/fur
  • care for young
157
Q

What are characteristics of marine mammals?

A
  • streamlined body
  • high metabolism (need tons of nutrients for fat/blubber)
  • large layer of blubber
  • lungs
158
Q

What are the 3 orders of mammals?

A
  1. Cetacea
  2. Pinnipedia
  3. Sirenia
159
Q

Explain Cetacea

A

includes whales, dolphins, porpoises

  • highly intelligent/social
  • live in groups:pods
  • evolved from hoofed land animals for the last 50 my
    ex: giraffe, deer, pig, horse
160
Q

Within Cetacea, what are the 2 main groups of whales?

A
  1. Odontoceti (toothed whales)
    - active predators
  2. Mysticeti (baylene whales
    - trap krill, small fish
    - very big, docile ex:blue and grey whale
161
Q

What is the largest animal ever found?

A

blue whale

162
Q

Where do grey whales migrate to?

A

From Mexico to Alaska, they have their pups near Mexico and in summer travel to Alaska (maybe for nutrients)?

163
Q

Why do whales beach?

A

Unknown… could be for different reasons

164
Q

Explain Pinnepedia

A

Includes seals, sea lions, walruses

-ALL carnivores, related to bears

165
Q

What are the 2 different types of seals?

A
  1. Eared seals: Otarrids
    - more adapted to land
    ex: cali seals, fur seals
  2. True Seals: Phocids
    - more adapted to marine life; mainly swim
    ex: elephant seal, harp seal
166
Q

Explain Sirenia

A

known as “sea cows” includes manatees and dugongs

-related to elephants; all herbivores, sluggish dont swim fast

167
Q

Are polar bears and penguins marine or land animals?

A

Both marine and land

168
Q

What are the types of fisheries mismanagement?

A
  1. Overfishing: harvested fish
  2. Bycatch: animals killed during fishing of commercial species
  3. Drift Nets : animals dying from long fishing nets
169
Q

What happens to the food chain when top predators are in decline due to overfishing?

A

Dirsupted, organisms below it are going to die and the ones below that will thrive.. (unbalanced)

170
Q

What is the average bycatch rate?

A

25% of a total catch

171
Q

What is the Marine Mammal Protection Act?

A

1992- US made it illegal to touch/ kill marine organisms

172
Q

Who banned drift nets? have they been in decline?

A

United Nations, countries continue to use them illegally (pirates also use/sell them)
ex: Japan, Taiwan,Korea

173
Q

t/f As population increases, aquaculture production increase

A

true

174
Q

What is aqua culture?

A

Fish farming

175
Q

Which fish is close to extinction (mentioned in lecture)

A

Bluefin Tuna

176
Q

What did the Internation Whaling Comission do in 1986?

A

Stopped commercial whaling

177
Q

How does Japan get away with whaling?

A

Stating it is for scientific research

178
Q

what are some uses of whales?

A

blubber oil- used for electricity
baylene- used for corsets
meat

179
Q

What are benthic environments?

A

Organisms of the sea/littoral zone

ex: coral reefs and hydrothermal vents

180
Q

t/f corals are small carnivorous organisms

A

true

181
Q

What are corals’ skeleton made of?

A

Calcite

182
Q

What do corals become (after a long period of time)?

A

limestone

183
Q

Are corals animals or plants?

A

Animals

184
Q

Which locations do reefs thirve in?

A

tropicals, shallow (photosynthesis), warm, clear seawater

185
Q

What do corals live around?

A

volcanoes; volcanic islands

186
Q

What type of relationship do corals have with zooxanthellae?

A

symbiotic; mutualistic (benefits one another)

187
Q

what are zooxanthellae’s again (category)

A

domain:eukaryotes– protists

188
Q

What do corals/zooxanthellae’s give each other?

A

corals: provide shelter and co2
Zooxanthellae: provide food, sugar+o2, color

189
Q

Why does the west pacific have the most reefs?

A

warm waters

190
Q

What winds push waters to the west?

A

trades

191
Q

What tectonics are coral reef formations associated with?

A

divergent: hotspots
ex: hawaii- volcanoes away from hotspot will cause reefs to die

192
Q

What is a fringing reef?

A

A fringing reef is when a coral reef is built around an active volcano found in warm waters

193
Q

What is a Barrier reef?

A

When a coral reef is formed around an inactive volcano (cut off from supply) (lagoon is found in between reef and volcano

194
Q

What is an Attoll?

A

Once an eroded volcano is under warm waters and reef is still built.

195
Q

What causes supply to be cut off volcanoes?

A

plate movement

196
Q

Example of attoll?

A

society islands

197
Q

Example of barrier reef?

A

Barrier reef australia

Ocean 100 SDSU (3 decks)

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