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Final Exam Flashcards

(113 cards)

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1
Q

What is a tetrapod?

A

Vertebrates with 4 feet

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2
Q

What groups are tetrapods?

A

Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals

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3
Q

What is Ichthyostega?

A

The First “Amphibian”

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4
Q

What is a Caecilian?

A

snake like creature, usually blind

Class Amphibia Order Gymnophiona

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5
Q

What are some general characteristics of Order Caudata?

A 
Salamanders and Newts
Tail, Carnivores
Moist habitats with aquatic larva
Internal Fertilization
Respiration - gills, lungs, and cutaneous
Sensitive to environmental changes
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6
Q

What are some of the factors that allow for life in terrestrial environments?

A

Body Support
Desiccation - keep from drying out
Respiration
Temperature fluctuations

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7
Q

What are some general characteristics of Order Anura?

A

Frogs and Toads
Moist environments, skin is water permeable
External fertilization, aquatic larva

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8
Q

What are some differences between larval and adult Anurans?

A

Larvae - herbivores, no legs, tail, aquatic

Adults - predators, four legs, no tail, both aquatic and terrestrial

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9
Q

How does the skin help amphibians?

A

Skin Resists: desiccation and UV rays
Secretions: Protect against bacterial and fungal infections
Apoematic Coloration: Warning coloring

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10
Q

How many chambers does the amphibian heart have? What are the two circuits of the circulatory system?

A

3 Chambered Heart

Pulmonary and Systematic Circulation

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11
Q

What is Pulmonary Circulation?

A

Goes to lungs and distributes oxygen

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12
Q

What is Systematic Circulation?

A

Goes to the body and picks up oxygen through the skin

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13
Q

What are some of the ways that amphibians exchange gases?

A

Cutaneous - through the skin
Buccopharyngeal - across the mouth and pharynx
Pulmonary Ventilation - forcing air into the lungs

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14
Q

What are some ways in which amphibians regulate their temperature?

A

Basking

Cool burrows

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15
Q

What are some ways in which amphibians conserve water?

A

Skin is water permeable
Live in high humidity
Nocturnal

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16
Q

What is the amniotic egg and why is it important?

A

Key to success in terrestrial environments

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17
Q

What are the main structures in the amniotic egg?

A 
Amnion - moisture and shock absorption
Allantois - waste sac
Chorion - protection and gas exchange
Yolk sac - nutrients
Albumin - moisture and protection
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18
Q

What are some general characteristics of Order Testudine?

A

Turtles
Horny beak, no teeth
very vulnerable
Long life span

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19
Q

Describe the external structure of turtles

A

Dorsal - Carapace

Ventral - Plastron

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20
Q

What are some general characteristics of Order Squamata?

A 
Snakes and Lizards
Oviparous, ovoviviparous or vivparous
some are venomous
Skin of thick, dry, keratinized scales
skin not used for diffusion
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21
Q

What is a worm lizard?

A

Rare
Most legless
Burrowers
Oviparous

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22
Q

Why is the secondary palate important?

A

Allows for eating/drinking and breathing simultaneously

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23
Q

What is Autotomy?

A

Can self sever limbs

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24
Q

How do snakes feed? What adaptations do they have for feeding?

A

Swallow prey whole

They have an unhingable jaw to allow swallowing of large prey items

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25
What are neurotoxins and hemotoxins?
Neuro - attacks the nerve centers | Hemo - attacks blood cells
26
How many chambers does the reptilian heart have?
3 Chambered Heart
27
How do reptiles regulate their temperature?
Basking, Panting, Burrowing
28
Discuss some of the nervous and sensory functions of reptiles.
Increased smell and vision Forked tongue Pit vipers possess pit organs allowing them to locate warm blooded prey Turtles can sense magnetic fields
29
What is a three eyed reptile?
Parietal eye | Reacts to shadows
30
What are some general characteristics of Order Crocodylia?
``` Crocodiles and Alligators Elongated Snout Predators Oviparous Parental Care ```
31
What are some characteristics of Archaeopteryx?
Long tail, clawed fingers, toothed beak and feathers
32
What are some adaptations that birds have for flight?
Wings, Feathers, Endothermic, High Metabolic Rate, Light Bones
33
What are the two types of feathers we discussed?
Pennaceous feathers - rachis (stalk) | Plumalaceous feathers - wispy/down feathers
34
What are the Proventriculus and Ventriculus?
Pro - true stomach | Ventriculus - gizzard
35
How many chambers does the avian heart have?
4
36
What is binocular vision? What type of bird might have more monocular vision or more binocular vision?
Binocular - using both eyes to see | Active hunters have more binocular vision than non active hunters
37
What are the three mating strategies that we discussed?
Monogamous Polygynous Polyandrous
38
Define Monogamous mating
Mate for life
39
Define Polygynous mating
One male mates with more than one female Usually young require less parental care Happens when resources are more limited
40
Define Polyandrous mating
One female mates with multiple males | Many resources available but also many predators
41
Define Altricial
Young is entirely dependent on parent's at birth
42
Define Precocial
Young is fully functional and requires limited parental care
43
What are the three infraclasses of mammals?
Ornithodelphia Metatheria Eutheria
44
Why is hair important to mammals?
temperature regulation sensory protection
45
What are Vibrissae?
Whiskers
46
What are the four types of glands that we discussed for mammals?
Sebaceous glands Sudoriferous glands Scent/musk glands Mammary gland
47
What is the function of the Sebaceous glands?
Oil glands associated with hair follicles
48
What is the function of the Sudoriferous glands?
Sweat glands associated with evaporative cooling
49
What is the function of the scent/musk glands?
Secrete pheromones
50
What is the function of the mammary glands?
secrete milk
51
Homodont versus heterodont?
Homodont - teeth are uniform (reptiles) Heterodont - teeth are specialized Incisors, Canines, Premolars, and Molars
52
How might the digestive tract differ between a herbivore and a carnivore?
Herbivores have a longer digestive tract than carnivores
53
How many chambers does the mammalian heart have?
4
54
What are the difference between hibernation and aestivation?
Hibernation - sleeping through the cold months | Aestivation - sleeping through the summer months
55
What class does the Order Urodela belong to?
Amphibia
56
What class does the Order Gymnophiona belong to?
Amphibia
57
What Class does the Order Anura belong to?
Amphibia
58
What Class does the Order Squamata belong to?
Reptilia
59
What Class does the Order Testudines belong to?
Reptilia
60
How many described species are there?
1.4-1.7 million
61
How many Animal species are there?
1 million
62
Who was the creator of Binomial Nomenclature?
Karl von Linne
63
What is a Cell?
The smallest independent unit of life
64
What is a prokaryote?
Lack nuclei and organelles
65
What is a eukaryote?
Contains a membrane bound nucleus with DNA, larger, more complex
66
What are the basic parts of a Eukaryotic Cell?
Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus
67
What is Diffusion?
movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
68
What is Osmosis?
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
69
What is Simple Diffusion?
Diffusion
70
What is Facilitated Diffusion?
process by which polar molecules diffuse across cell membranes with the help of transport proteins.
71
What is Endocytosis?
process whereby cells absorb material outside their cell membranes
72
What is Pinocytosis?
"Cell Drinking"
73
What is Phagocytosis?
"Cell Eating"
74
What is Exocytosis?
Process whereby cells expel waste
75
What does it mean to be Isotonic?
Same concentration both inside and outside the cell
76
What does it mean to be Hypertonic?
Cells have a water concentration that is greater | inside the cell rather than outside of the cell
77
What does it mean to be Hyptonic?
Cells often have a water concentration that is lower than outside of the cell.
78
What is "Darwin's Theory of Evolution"
``` Perpetual Change Common Descent Multiplication of Species Gradualism Natural Selection ```
79
What is Perpetual Change?
All species are in a continuous state of change
80
What is meant by Common Descent?
All species have descended from a common ancestor through branching lineages
81
Define Multiplication of Species
New species are created via the transformation of existing species
82
What is Gradualism?
Large differences in characteristics between species developed gradually over time
83
What is meant by Natural Selection?
Organisms produce more offspring than can survive There is variation within populations Some of these variations are passed on to offspring Survival and reproduction are not random
84
What is Microevolution
Change in allele frequencies over time
85
What is Macroevolution
Large scale evolutionary changes
86
What is Genetic Drift?
Changes in allele frequencies due to chance events | Greatest effects in small populations
87
What is a Population Bottleneck?
Change in gene frequency due to a reduction in population size
88
What is the Founder's Effect?
Colonization of an island or patch by a small number of individuals Very small population sizes
89
What is Stabilizing Selection?
genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value.
90
What is Directional Selection?
a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction. Occurs most often under environmental chnages
91
What is Disruptive Selection?
extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values.
92
What is the hierarchy of Ecological Systems? | largest to smallest
``` Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism ```
93
What is a fundamental niche?
Habitats without the threat of predation, competition, or resource limitation
94
What is a realized niche?
Habitats where a species naturally (or actually) lives
95
What are Density Dependent Factors?
Influence on individuals in a population varies with the degree of crowding within the population. (Food Supply, Places to live, Predators, Parasites, and diseases)
96
What are Density Independent Facotrs?
Influence on individuals in a population does not vary with the degree of crowding (Temperature, Precipitation, Catastrophic Events)
97
Define Cryptic Coloration
coloring that conceals or disguises an animal's shape
98
Define Countershading
Camouflage
99
Define Aposematic Coloration
Warning coloration
100
What is an Autotroph?
Primary Producer | an organism that assimilates energy from sunlight or inorganic compounds
101
What is a Heterotroph?
Secondary Producer | an organism that uses organic (once living) materials as a source of energy and nutrients
102
What phyla display radial symmetry?
Cnidaria and Ctenophora
103
What are some implications of Radial Symmetry?
Low mobility Confront the environment equally from a variety of directions Less complex systems
104
Frontal Plane
Top and Bottom
105
Transverse Plane
Front and Back
106
Sagittal Plane
Left and Right
107
Diploblastic Organization
Body parts are organized into layers derived from two embryonic tissue layers Ectoderm Endoderm Cnidaria and Ctenophora
108
What is a Cladogram?
Diagram that shows the evolutionary history of taxa
109
Define Character?
Attribute or feature that indicate relatedness
110
What is a Synapomorphy?
New characters that have arisen in a specific group since it diverged from a common ancestor
111
What is a Monophyletic Group?
includes a single ancestral species and all of its descendants
112
What is a Polyphyletic Group?
includes a group comprising species that arose from two or more different immediate ancestors
113
What is a Paraphyletic Group?
includes some, but not all members of a lineage

Zoology (4 decks)

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