FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Glial cells are cells of the nervous system. Choose the correct answer a) They are neuroglia, therefore they are neurons b) provide physical, metabolic and functional support to neurons c) 10% of all cells in the CNS are glial cells
b
Choose the correct answer Astrocytes are glial cells that a) are cousins of monocytes b) involves in myelination in the CNS c) line the cavities in the CNS and form cerebrospinal fluid d) form the blood brain barrier, and also have a role in repairing a brain following injury e) a and d
d) form the blood brain barrier, and also have a role in repairing a brain following injury
Describe the flow of cerebral spinal fluid through the meninges, brain and spinal cord.
Where is it produced, moved to and location of reabsorption ….
Blood brain barrier:
Solute movement in the blood brain barrier is different from a typical capillary. What is this difference.
Choose the incorrect answer
a. Trancytosis of protein does not occur by the endothelial cells of the brain
b. the endothelial cells forming the wall of the capillary are connected by tight junctions and bordered by astrocytes
c. Small hydrophilic solutes move across capillary walls by simple diffusion through pores
d. small hydrophobic solutes can freely dffuse across plasma membrane
C. is incorrect
hydrophilic solutesmust be selectively transported by carrier mediated transport.
True of False
Neuronal myelination in the CNS continues for up to 5 years of age and in the PNS, through puberty
False
2 years after birth
In the CNS, three primary brain vesicles are formed from the neural tube around 3 weeks of embryonic development
Prosencphelan
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
Primary brain vesicles develops into secondary brain vesicles at 6 weeks of embryo development
What are the 5 brain vesicles
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mescencephalon
Metacencephalon
Myelencephalon
At birth, the metcencephalon becomes which brain structures
Cerebellum and pons
Medulla oblongata is formed from which secondary brain vesicles
myelencephalon
The grey matter of the cerebrum contained
a. neuron cell bodies and dendrites
b. axon terminals
c. myelinated neuron axons
d. a & b
d.
The ridges of the cerebral cortex are called the ____
depressions and grooves are called _____ and _____
gyri
sulci and fissures
Frontal lobe processes
a. motor activity
b. speech formation
c. thought processes
d. b & c
e. a, b & c
e.
which region of the brain is involved in inhibition of unwanted movement and selecting purposeful movemet, and coordinates posture.
a. basal nuclei
b. cerebellum
c. putamen, and claustrum
d. caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus
e. forebrain
a. basal nuclei
This cortex receives input from the 3 sensory systems: somatosensory/proprioceptors, visual, and auditory. And in turn, much of the output of this cortex goes to the frontal motor cortex, because this part of the brains is very important for performing complex movements.
Posterior parietal cortex
The central sulcus divides which two cortexes?
Primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe and the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe
Describe the corticopathway for translating visual information (see an object or read words from a paper) into speech
- Visual information is transmited to the visual cortex, then is sent to the angular gyrus of the parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex
- Then is sent to the Wernicke’s area in the parietal lobe to determine what words to be used and how to verbalize it.
- Next, the selected word sequences is sent to the Broco’s area in the frontal lobe to determine how to produce the sounds.
- Then is sent to the appropriate areas in the motor cortex to enable speech. (speech muscles include muscles in our face, lips, tongue, and throat, as well as muscles for breathing. It is difficult to speak if these muscles are weak.
How do the hypothalamus control emotions?
It can control over the body’s emotional responses systems via the autonomic nervous system, which controls internal organs (eg, gut and heart) and releases adrenalin by the adrenal medulla
How is the hypothalamus involved in controlling food intake behaviors?
The hypothalamus can increase metabolism (thyroid-tropin releasing hormone), can reduce appetite and mobilise insulin to deliver energy to cell rather than be stored as fat. The eating chemicals is driven by NPY released in the hypothalamus.
How do the hypthalamus regulate sleep?
There are cells in the hypthalamus that is involved in the swithc between wakefulness and sleep. Neurons in this small area help to promote sleep by inhibiting activity in areas of the brainstem and maintain wakefulness
