Final Exam Flashcards
P. tenuis zoonotic?
No
General types of parasties
cestodes- tapeworms
trematodes- flukes
nematodes- round worms
ectoparasite- fleas: ticks, mites, lice, bot flies, biting flies, midges, mosquitoes
protozoans (single- celled parasites)
- hemaprotozoans (blood parasites)
- enteric protozoans (intestinal parasites)
-tissue inhabiting protozoans (eg toxoplasmosis)
Protozoans
single celled parasites
hematoprozoans
enteric protozoans
protozoans are…
microscopic
some ectoparasites
ectoparasites
generally not life threatening especially in wildlife
can be a complicating factor when other diseases are present (ie anemia)
can be debilitating in young animals
do commonly serve as vectors for other diseases
exception to harmless ectoparasites: hair loss syndrome
disease of mule deer and BTD
exotic louse of Damalinia/ Cervicola or Bovicola sp.
Normal hosts: European and Asian cervids
hypersensitivity (allergy)- itch hair loss
may be fatal (esp to fawns in late winter) because they depend on their hair to keep them warm
Exception to harmless ectoparasites: winter tick
D. albipictus
also causes hair loss in moose (elk)
AKA Ghost Mouse
may be fatal
- exsanguination (blood loss) or hypothermia (freezing)
Exception: mange
mites. Many species cause individual animal problems
Psoroptes spp. mites cause population level issues in BHS
hair loss and extreme crusting of ears
not currently an in issue for TX Desert BHS
Deer Nose Bots
ectoparasite
Cephemnemyia fly larvae
not an accurate term, hang out in the pharyngeal pouch and when the deer dies they come out of the nose
enters deer nose, lays eggs there, deer inhales the eggs and they hatch in the pharyngeal pouch.
not considered too bothersome but the deer don’t like them
worldwide distribution
large host distribution- more common in deer
generally not pathogenic
the cause of concern for hunters re carcass quality
NOT zoonotic (also like papilloma virus- very common)
in general, ectoparasites are a big concern in wultildlife when:
when they transmit other infectious agents
Nematodes- Round Worms
P. tenuis- meningeal woem, brain worm
Elaeophora schneideri- carotide artey worm of mule deer
setaria cervi- peritoneal worms
Histomonaaaaas/ hetrakis- blackhead in turkeys
Elaeophora schneideri- carotid artery worm of mule deer
elaeophora means deer
Schenider- person who found it
a filarid worm ( like Setaria and heartworms)
adults found in carotid or maxillary artery but can occur in any large artery
spread by biting flies (horseflies- Tabindae)- carrying the microfilaria
symptoms depend on the location of the worm
16 documented species that serve as intermediate hosts
first described in sheep as “poll evil” or “sorehead”
E. schneideri
almost never a problem in mule deer (the natural host)
occasional problem in WTD
pathogenic to elk, moose, red deer, sika deer, BHS, auodad, Ibex, domestic sheep and goats
causes unilateral blindness (not common for it to be in both eyes), antler deformation, dry necrosis of ear or nose of elk, sever neurological disease
can be fatal
not ZOONOTIC
life cycle of carotid artery worm
adults in the arteries give birth to microfilaria (not eggs)
microfilaria migrate to the capillaries of the skin
biting fly ingest microfilaria with blood meal
microfilaria L1, L2, L3 in fly
L3 migrate to mouthparts of fly to be definitive host to venous blood and migrate through circulatory system to arteries and mature
Sorehead of sheep and goats
if sheep and goats are affected with Elaephora they may get the same signs as wildlife, more often they die suddenly (3-5 weeks after infection) after a short bout of neurologic signs (incordination, circling and convulsion).
death more common in young animals
those that survive often develop sorehead due to microfiliarial dermatitis 6- 10 months later
Diagnosis of E. schenideri
dead animal- disect the carotid an internal maxillary aretry and look for worms
live animals- skin biopsy
must be endemic area of mule deer ( ocasionally WTD infected)
Treatment for E. schenideri
Piperazine salts are effective
complete recovery in 2-3 weeks, damage to ear, antlers may remain
only effective before neurologic disease develops
not practical for free ranging wildlife
Parelaphostronglyus tenuis
meningeal worm
moose sickness
“extrapulmonary lungworms”
P. tenuis
Phylum Nematoda ( round worms or nematodes) have complete digestive tract (mouth though anus)
6 stages: eggs, larva (1-4), adults (both sexes)
L3 is what infects the definitive host
may have direct (no intermediate host) or indirect (intermediate host) life cycle)
Order Strongylida
most stronglyes are parasites if GIT not P tenuis!
p. Tenuis is common almost everywhere with…
WTD, usually no Disease
Debilitating on other species such as elk, moose llamas, sheep, goats, exotic ungulates
P. tenuis breakdown of name
para= near
elapho= deer
strongylus= round worm
tenuis- tenuous
P. tenuis life cycle
adults in blood vessels of brain meninges
release eggs-> heart> lungs> develop into L1
L1 coughed up, swallowed, out GIT
L1 penetrate snails > L2 >L3 (ineffective stage)
deer accidentally eats snails
L3 penetrate abomasum> nerves> spinal cord
L4> L5-> cranium (adult)
P. Tenuis
in abnormal hosts (not WTD)
no road map
cause pathology
often fatal
problems with Diagnosis of P, tenuis
there are other species of Parelaphostrongylus that are found in deer
P. andersoni is the muscle worm of WTD
P. odocoilei is found in the muscle of mule deer, BTD and woodland caribou
all have dorsal spined larvae and very difficult to separate microscopically