Exam 2 Flashcards
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Common name: N/A
Synonyms: N/A
Family: Bunyaviridae, Genus: Hantavirus, Species: Sin Nombre
Etiologic agent: sin nombre virus
Brief description of disease: severe, often fatal disease
History: First recognized in US in May 1993 in SW, now throughout US
Host: Rodents are genus and species specific
White footed mouse (peromyscus spp)
Sin nombre virus
Geographic Distribution:
Zoonotic- Yes
Can it be transmitted to domestic animals? No
Signs of the disease: fever and myalgia, GI disturbances, headache, chills, maialise, pulmonary edema
Transmission: via aerosolized rodent excreta and saliva, no person to person transmission, viable up to 3 days
Transmission also through contaminated food and water
Gross lesions: general increase in capillary permeability
Diagnosis: PCR, Serologic Assay, Isolation
Prevention: decrease contact with rodents in the home, workplace, and campsites. There is no vaccine
Control Methods: There is no specific treatment, cure or vaccine. However, if recognized early, patients may fair better than those who do not seek medical treatment.
Canine Distemper and Black Footed Ferrets
Common name: hard pad disease
Synonyms: N/A
Family: Paramyxoviridae
Etiologic agent: an enveloped, pleomorphic RNA virus that belongs to the genus Morbillivirus
Brief description of disease: Canine distemper is a contagious and serious disease caused by a virus that attacks the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous systems of puppies and dogs.
History: unknown
Host: found in wildlife such as foxes, wolves, coyotes, raccoons, skunks, mink and ferrets
Geographic Distribution: Amazon
Zoonotic- No
Can it be transmitted to domestic animals? Yes
Signs of the disease: infected dogs will develop watery to pus-like discharge from their eyes. They then develop fever, nasal discharge, coughing, lethargy, reduced appetite, and vomiting. As the virus attacks the nervous system, infected dogs develop circling behavior, head tilt, muscle twitches, convulsions with jaw chewing movements and salivation (“chewing gum fits”), seizures, and partial or complete paralysis. The virus may also cause the footpads to thicken and harden
Transmission: airborne exposure
Transmission also through contaminated food and water
Gross lesions: found in the brain
Diagnosis: veterinarians diagnose canine distemper through clinical appearance and laboratory testing. There is no cure for canine distemper infection. Treatment typically consists of supportive care and efforts to prevent secondary infections; control vomiting, diarrhea and neurologic symptoms; and combat dehydration through administration of fluids. Dogs infected with canine distemper be separated from other dogs to minimize the risk of further infection.
Prevention: vaccination!
Control Methods: see diagnosis
Leptospirosis
Common name: Weir’s disease, Canicola fever, Hemorrhagic jaundice, Mud fever, and Swineherd disease
Synonyms: N/A
Family: Leptospira phylum: Spirochaetes
Etiologic agent: motile spirochetes
Brief description of disease: a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all.
History:The disease was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886 when he reported an “acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice, and nephritis.” Leptospira was first observed in 1907 from a post mortem renal tissue slice. … Infectious jaundice occurred among troops during the American Civil War.
Host: essentially all mammals
Geographic Distribution: worldwide
Zoonotic- Yes
Can it be transmitted to domestic animals? Yes
Signs of the disease: Phase 1- fever, headache, vomiting, red eyes, jaundice. Phase 2- liver failure, kidney failure, meningitis, pulmonary hemorrhaging, death
Transmission: contact with urine from infected animals
Gross lesions: skin lesions
Diagnosis: serology, PCR, finding leptospires in blood or urine
Prevention: avoid potentially contaminated water especially after heavy rain or flooding, PPE- waterproof clothes, boots and cloves, rodent control
Vaccine available in some countries
Treatment: oral antibiotics, later stages: IV antibiotics
Control Methods: see prevention
Murine Typhus
Common name: endemic typhus (body louse), endemic typhus (flea) scrub typhus (mites)
Synonyms: endemic typhus, jail fever, flea- borne typhus
Family: Leptospira phylum: Spirochaetes
Etiologic agent: R. typhii
Brief description of disease: Murine typhus, also called endemic typhus or flea-borne typhus, is a disease caused by a bacteria called Rickettsia typhi. Murine typhus is spread to people through contact with infected fleas. People get sick with murine typhus when infected flea feces are rubbed into cuts or scrapes in the skin.
History: among the first recorded incidents of typhus (most likely epidemic typhus) described a disease that caused delirium, rashes, sores and around 17,000 deaths during the Spanish siege of Granada in 1489. It was later called gaol or “jail fever”, since 25% of English prisoners were dying from it per year by 1759. In 1760, the disease earned the name typhus (from the Greek for smoke or stupor) due to the delirium it would cause. Typhus ravaged Europe for centuries. It has been attributed to over 3 million deaths during and after World War I and raged on through World War II. Not until the early 20th century did Howard Ricketts discover the causative agent and was able to culture it in laboratory animals. Soon following, the importance of arthropod vectors was made and vector control methods were implemented to help control the disease
Host: rats, domestic cats and opossums, humans are the accidental host (cannot complete the life cycle)
Geographic Distribution:Texas, California, Hawaii, tropical and subtropical areas
Zoonotic- Yes
Can it be transmitted to domestic animals? Yes
Signs of the disease: fever and chills, body aches, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, cough,
Gross lesions: rash
Diagnosis: serology, PCR, Typhus infections can be difficult to diagnose but a doctor may suspect it in someone who develops typical symptoms after travelling in an endemic or high risk area, particularly if there is a history of bites from human body lice, fleas, ticks or mites.
Prevention: no vaccine, avoiding contact with infected areas , flea prevention for pets
Treatment: antibiotics
Control Methods: see prevention
Other: Usually associated with poor, crowded and unsanitary areas , rat-flea-rat
Rat bite fever
Rat bite fever
Common name:
Synonyms:
Family:
Etiologic agent:Streptobacillus moniliformis (North America), Spirillum minus (Asia)
Brief description of disease:
History:
Host: Norwegian rat, Black rat
Geographic Distribution:S. moniliformis originate from the United States, although other
Western Hemisphere reports have come from Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and Paraguay
Zoonotic- Yes
Can it be transmitted to domestic animals? No
Signs of the disease:Fever, vomiting, headache
● Muscle pain, joint pain/swelling (affects about 50% of those infected)
● Rash, reddened area with small bumps (occurs in 75% of infected)
● Symptoms usually begin 3-10 days after infection but can be delayed as long as three
weeks
● Further complications include: abscesses, infection of liver/kidney, pneumonia,
meningitis
Transmission: The bacteria may spread to rats after they consume contaminated food or water, or after direct contact with other rats
Gross lesions: rash
Diagnosis: serology, PCR, Typhus infections can be difficult to diagnose but a doctor may suspect it in someone who develops typical symptoms after travelling in an endemic or high risk area, particularly if there is a history of bites from human body lice, fleas, ticks or mites.
Prevention: Rat bite fever can be prevented by wearing personal protective equipment such as
gloves whenever handling rodents, their bedding, or their excrement.
● Proper hand washing after handling rodents helps prevent rat bite fever
● Rat bite fever is can also be prevented by limiting exposure to wild rodents.
● It is impossible to tell if a rodent carries S. moniliformis by looking at it, since most
rodents who carry the bacteria are asymptomatic.
Treatment: Antibiotics have been shown to be highly effective at curing the disease when
administered promptly after symptoms develop.
● Treatment is the same for both Streptobacillary and Spirillary rat bite fever.
● Penicillin or amoxicillin are the typical treatments.
● Erythromycin is used in patients allergic to penicillin
● Treatment lasts for about 10 days.
Control Methods:The spread of rat bite fever is controlled primarily through wild rodent control, keeping
wild rats away from locations where people, especially children and the elderly, inhabit.
● Properly cleaning any area where rats are known to have been and may have left urine
or feces will also help control the spread of rat bite fever, since a bite is not necessary to
spread the disease. In fact, 30% of cases report no known bite.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Common name: black measles
Synonyms: N/A
Etiologic agent: R.rickettsii
Brief description of disease: RMSF is a deadly tick borne disease
History: Edward E. Maxey - first every description of spotted fever of Idaho
● The infectious agent was first identified in Montana by Howard T.
Ricketts in the early 1900s
● Inspired the birth of the Rocky Mountain Labs (RML)
Host: squirrel, dog, rabbits Geographic Distribution:North Carolina ○ Oklahoma ○ Arkansas ○ Tennessee ○ Missouri
Zoonotic- Yes
Can it be transmitted to domestic animals? No
Signs of the disease:Malaise (discomfort)
● Fever
● Coma
● Vomiting
● Nausea
● Ocular Lesions
● Anorexia
● Myalgia (muscle pain)
● Edema (swelling) of
the face or extremities
● Extreme Rash
paralysis
Transmission: Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, American Dog tick, brown dog tick,
Gross lesions: general increase in capillary permeability
Diagnosis: skin biopsy, immunohistochemical staining, serological tests
Prevention:Solution: reduce presence of ticks in yard and on pets and prevent
bites
● Treat clothes with products containing permethrin
● Check body and clothes for ticks on coming back indoors
● Throw clothes in dryer for 10 minutes on high heat
● Shower soon after coming inside
● Protect pets - tick collars, medicated shampoos, medication
Modify Landscape
● Keep any equipment away from vegetation
● Clear leaf litter, tall grasses, brushes
● Build physical barriers to keep deer away
● Use acaricide-containing pesticides
Treatment: No vaccine ● Antibiotics - Doxycycline ● Used in adults and children ● Can prevent death and severe illness There is no specific treatment, cure or vaccine. However, if recognized early, patients may fair better than those who do not seek medical treatment.
Salmonellosis
Common names, synonyms, and etiologic agent: Bangori and enterica
Brief description: Lives in an organism’s intestinal tracts
and history
Host(s), and Geographic Distribution: all over US, TX, AZ, CA, PA, NY more prevalent
zoonotic- yes
which can be transmitted to domestic animals?
Signs of the disease: Symptoms begin 8-72 hours after
exposure
● Symptoms include:
○ Watery Stool
○ Fever
○ Headache
○ Abdominal pain and/or cramps
○ Nausea and vomiting
● Symptoms usually last about 4-7 days
and can usually subside without
treatment.
○ The watery stool can linger for up to 10
days
dehydration
Transmission: Contact with infected animals or their environment
○ birds, amphibians, and reptiles
○ Animal feces
○ Unwashed hands
● Contaminated food or water
○ unpasteurized milk
○ undercooked meat or eggs
○ Drinking contaminated water
Gross lesions
Diagnosis
Prevention and control methods:Always wash hands with soap and warm water after contact with
animals and their environment.
○ Amphibians, reptiles, and birds
○ After contacting individuals who have salmonella
● Follow four rules when handling food
○ Wash your hands and anything that will touch the food
■ Utensils, cutting boards, countertops
■ Rinse fruits and vegetables
○ Don’t cross contaminate foods such as raw meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs
○ Properly cook your food
■ Use a food thermometer
○ Properly chill your food
■ Refrigerate perishable food within 1-2 hours, safely thaw food, and
refrigerator below 40°F
Store perishable food quicker in warm weather and summer months
○ Unrefrigerated foods in warm weather is ideal for Salmonella
○ Store within 1 hour if above 90°F
Treatment: Drink plenty of fluids and replace electrolytes
○ Salmonella infection can be dehydrating
● Antibiotics
○ Severe cases
○ Bacteria has entered bloodstream
○ Compromised immune system
● There is no vaccine available
Toxoplasmosis
lla- human
Common names, synonyms, and etiologic agent: ○ Toxoplasma gondii, protozoa
Brief description and history: 1910: first report of domestic animal dying in Italy ○ 1938: first infant newborn to die from toxoplasmosis in New York ○ 2001: first known monk seal to die from disease on islands of Hawaii
Host(s): felids
Geographic Distribution: ○ Host(s),- felids and Geographic Distribution:Worldwide prevalence, any areas with feral cats. Areas with hot-humid climates/low altitudes
Yes- zoonotic, which can be transmitted to domestic animals? Yes, but Cannot be transmitted from human to human (except in utero), Known to occur in white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, moose, antelope, bison, bobcats, caribou, black bears, polar bears, mink, red foxes, raccoons, skunks, bird and rodent species
Signs of the disease: Often no signs due to healthy immune systems ○ This makes it hard to determine the number of animals affected ○ Those with compromised or underdeveloped immune systems = greater risk ○ Signs ■ Fever, diarrhea, cough, difficulty breathing, jaundice, seizures, death, abortion, and stillbirth.
Transmission: Foodborne ○ Animal to human (zoonotic) ○ Mother to child (congenital) ○ Rare instances: blood transfusion, organ transplantation ○ Cannot be passed from human to human, not directly contagious. Infected through fecal contamination of water or food sources
Gross lesions
Diagnosis: Serology ■ Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ■ Immunoglobulin M (IgM) ● Estimates time of infection ■ Ocular ● Appearance ○ Direct Observation ■ Stained tissues ■ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ■ Isolated from body fluids ○ Molecular ■ Amniotic fluid ● Parasite DNA
Prevention and control methods
Treatment: Pyrimethamine ○ Sulfadiazine ○ Normally treatment is unnecessary
Hawaiian Monk Seal is more susceptible to the effects of Toxoplasma gondii for unknown reason
Lyme Disease
Common names, synonyms, and etiologic agent: Borrelia burgdorferi bacterium
Brief description and history
Host(s): Humans, dogs, cats ◦ Mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians ◦ The ticks need a new host at each stage of life ◦ Some wildlife species act as non symptomatic reservoirs, and Geographic Distribution: Northeastern states because of
the black-legged tick (Ixodes
scapularis)
◦ The western black-legged tick
(Ixodes pacificus) spreads the diseases on the Pacific Coast
a. Which are zoonotic- yes, which can be transmitted to domestic animals? Yes, No evidence of being transmitted from human to human
Signs of the disease: Early Symptoms: Skin rash called Erythema migrans (bulls eye pattern rash), joint pain, headache, fever, fatigue ◦ Can depend on stage of infection ◦ Days to months after infected: more rashes, severe headache and joint pain, neck stiffness, dizziness or shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat ◦ Tick bite can resemble mosquito bite
Transmission: The bite of an infected black-legged tick ◦ Ticks can attach to any part of the human body but are often hard to see areas - groin, armpits, and scalp ◦ Nymphs feed during spring and summer months ◦ Adults feed during winter months
Questing- mode of transmission, ticks can’t fly or jump instead they wait for the host to rest on grass and the tick climbs aboard with their front legs
Life cycle: Egg, six-legged larva, eight-legged nymph, and adult. After the eggs hatch, the ticks must have a blood meal at every stage to survive ◦ Typically around 2 years
Gross lesions
Diagnosis: Based on symptoms, physical findings (rashes) and the possibility of exposure to infected ticks ◦ Lab blood tests ◦ Fatal if untreated
Prevention and control methods: Lyme disease vaccine is no longer available, vaccine manufacturer discontinued production in 2002 because of insufficient consumer demand, ◦ Using insect repellent ◦ Removing ticks properly ◦ Applying pesticides ◦ Reducing tick habitat
Treatment: Few weeks of antibiotics (doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime axetil are the oral antibiotics) ◦ If treated in later stages, the disease responds well to antibiotics, although long-term damage can occur, If left untreated, infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system and can become fatal
West Nile Virus
Common names, synonyms, and etiologic agent: Arbo virus family , flavivirus, flaviviridae, Mosquito, especially Culex spp.
important model for rift valley fever
Brief description and history: First discovered in East Africa in Uganda- 1937 ● Came to US in 1999, don’t know how, maybe mosquito an infected bird or mosquito was introduced ● Started in NY, often confused with Saint Louis Encephalitis
Host(s),- birds (amplifying hosts), humans, horses and mammals are dead end mammals, cannot pass the virus to other biting mosquitoes
and Geographic Distribution: Reported in 49 states of the United States, except Hawaii ● It is the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in the United States. ● It is predominantly seen in warmer/dry climates. It is the ideal climate for transmission. ○ Central america, South America, South East Africa, South west asia and south Europe.
a. Which are zoonotic, which can be transmitted to domestic animals? Yes, mostly horses
Signs of the disease: Can be asymptomatic ● 5-15 days after being bitten by infected mosquito ● Mainly mild symptoms: fever, headache, body aches, vomiting ● Serious symptoms (1 in 150): CNS problems (encephalitis/meningitis)
Transmission: WNV cycles between mosquitoes and birds ● Birds are infected and mosquito takes blood meal and is now infected ● Infected mosquito then bites a human and transfers virus ● Exposure in laboratory ● Blood transfusion and organ donation No person-person transmission & no bird-person transmission
Treatment: No human vaccine ● Can only be offered comfort care because there is no cure ● IV Fluids ● Pain medication ● Nursing Facility, Vaccine efficacy has to be demonstrated over three phases of human clinical trials and there is no current testing happening in the third phase. ● Horses have a vaccine because of less strict rules by the federal veterinary regulations. The safety has been proven but the efficacy was not but they still approved the vaccine
Gross lesions
Diagnosis: Clinical symptoms , Testing serum or cerebrospinal fluid to detect IgM antibodies (detectable 3-8 days after symptoms appear), Reverse transcriptase PCR
Prevention and control methods: vaccinate equids, monitor!Using Insect repellent when you go outside, those that contain DEET, picaridin, IR3535, and some oil of lemon eucalyptus and para-menthane-diol products may provide longer-lasting protection. ● Limiting outdoor activity during time mosquitoes are active, this is usually from dusk to dawn ● Maintaining windows and doors closed to avoid mosquitoes from getting inside. ● Wearing long sleeves/pants to give extra protection from the bites ● Limiting the amount of mosquitoes nearby. You can empty standing water from containers such as flower pots, gutters, buckets, pool covers, pet water dishes, discarded tires, and birdbaths. ● No evidence that a person can get the virus from handling live or dead infected birds. ● Use gloves or plastic bags when handling dead animals is highly recommended.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Common names, synonyms, and etiologic agent: Atypical Pneumonia in China, Viral respiratory illness caused by coronavirus, called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) • Coronavirus is common to cause upper respiratory tract illness such as common cold • There are six known kinds of coronavirus that can infect human. Four of them are common and not dangerous • SARS-CoV was the first coronavirus to present severe symptoms to human Very dangerous and highly infective
Brief description and history: First appeared in Guangdong Province, China in November, 2002 • Global spread was through to start since January 2003 from Hong Kong • Super-spreader who entered Hong Kong from Guangdong and lived in a Hotel where a lot of foreign visitors stayed • First recognized in Hanoi, Vietnam on Feb 26th, 2003 by Dr. Carlo Urbani • He was infected by the disease and died on Mar 29th, 2003 •
and Geographic Distribution: Since 2004, there have not been any known cases of SARS reported anywhere in the world. The global outbreak roughly sustained for one year
Host(s)- horseshow bats
Zoonotic? Yes which can be transmitted to domestic animals- yes Signs of the disease: Generally a high fever (>100.4℉) ● Includes Influenza-like symptoms (headache, body aches, shivering) ● Dry cough and pneumonia is common in patients ● Respiratory distress in severe cases (may require intensive care) Transmission: Animal to Human ● Unsure ● Possibility that infected bats transferred the disease to civets and racoons in markets ● Human to Human ● Close human to human contact (cough and sneezes) ● Touching infected surfaces then touching mouth, nose, or eyes Gross lesions: ● Lesions are formed due to pneumonia Diagnosis: Early recognition of disease requires identification of clinical signs ○ Laboratory tests can be unreliable ● Clinical Signs: ○ Incubation period of 2-7 days ○ Day 2-7: shortness of breath & dry cough ○ Day 7-10: radiographically confirmed pneumonia, Lymphopenia ● Should only be considered if patient: ○ Had close contact to someone with SARS or works in a lab with live SARS-Cov ○ Recently travelled or was in contact with someone who traveled to China, Hong Kong, Taiwan ○ Has atypical pneumonia without alternative diagnoses ● Testing to rule out alternative diagnosis (especially influenza A & B), Reverse transcriptase PCR using blood, stool, nasal secretions ■ False negatives due to low concentration of virus ○ Serological testing to identify specific antibodies ■ Enzyme & Immunofluorescence Assays ■ False negatives due to time taken to amount antibody response ○ Viral culture - observing changes specimens taken from stool, blood, lung secretions Treatment:Similar to any patient with pneumonia ○ Anti-inflammatory drugs including corticosteroids for swelling of lungs, pain and fever ○ Possible hospitalization ● Ribavirin – antiviral drug not specific to SARS with unproven effect ● Antiviral drugs specifically made to combat SARS are being developed Prevention and control methods: Isolation - separation of ill patients from everyone else ● Quarantine - Restricting the movement of those who may have been exposed to the disease ● Droplet precautions - Those who may be infected should be washing hand at all times, wear surgical masks ● Healthcare providers must wear gloves, surgical masks, gowns, and eye protection around infected patients ● Healthcare providers should report any cases to local health department who should then report to the CDC
Colorado Tick Fever
Common names, synonyms, and etiologic agent: ● Common names: Mountain tick fever or American mountain fever ● Vector: Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni) ● Etiological Agent: RNA Virus ● Family: Reoviridae ● Genus: Coltivirus
Brief description and history:
Host(s)- small rodents such as squirrels, chipmunks, and mice. Larvae and nymph ticks help maintain the virus in the small rodent population.
and Geographic Distribution: western United States and parts of Western Canada that are around 4,000-10,000 feet above sea level ● Cases mostly found in Wyoming, Montana, Utah, Oregon, Colorado, and Idaho
Zoonotic? Yes
which can be transmitted to domestic animals- yes
Signs of the disease: Rapid onset of Fever and General Malaise ● Nausea and Vomiting ● Myalgia, headache behind the eyes, and photophobia (sensitivity to light) ● Skin pain and sweating ● Light colored rash: often more characteristic of CTF than other symptoms, biphasic- ○ The listed symptoms reappear within a week after initially subsiding
Transmission: ● Dermacentor andersoni spreads the virus from the reservoir to other susceptible species via infected saliva ● Human-to-Human transmission: Rare, some reported cases seen in blood transfusions ● Maintenance hosts- primary source of the virus can be found in small rodents such as squirrels, chipmunks, and mice. Larvae and nymph ticks help maintain the virus in the small rodent population. ● Susceptible species- humans and other wildlife that include elk, marmots, and deer by bites from adult ticks
Gross lesions: mild rash
Treatment: There is no specific treatment for CTF. ● Perform supportive care such as administering IV fluids, giving medication to reduce fever and pain. In severe cases, people affected may be hospitalized
Diagnosis: Difficult to diagnose because symptoms are non-specific ● A decrease in white blood cells is the most noticeable finding when getting lab work done. ● Serology can be used to find virus-specific IgM antibodies. ● Immunofluorescent staining can identify CTF antigens, but RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) can provide a confirmed diagnosis
Prevention and control methods: There is no vaccine for CTF currently. ● The best way to not get CTF is to not get bitten by a tick. ○ Ticks are most active during the summer months (April-September) ○ Ticks live in grassy, brushy, and wooded areas. ○ The main mammalian reservoir is the golden mantled ground squirrel ○ Avoid other small rodents like chipmunks and mice that carry Dermacentor andersoni ● Treat clothing and shoes with 0.05% Permethrin to keep yourself safe from tick bites ● Use EPA approved insect repellent ● Avoid walking in high brush areas and if hiking stay on the center of trail paths. ○ After returning from a hike examine your clothes and pets for ticks and shower immediately after returning from the outdoors.
Chronic Wasting Disease
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Other TSE’s: scrapie first described in 1732, causes pruritus, tremors, incoordination death, transmitted via fetal fluids, sheeps and goats, genetic resistance complete
Other TSE’s: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: cattle transmitted cia consumption of ruminant protein, causes changes in behavior, abnormal posture, incoordination and death, first observed in 1984, partial resistance, only known TSE to be zoonotic, linked to vCJD (Papua new Guinea)
Other TSEs’: Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy- 1947, feline spongiform encephalopathy- 1990, exitic ungulate spongiform
A prion is an abnormal form of a normal, cellular protein, very slow infecting process
CJD linked to BSE
Kuru (papua New Guinea)- women and children at brains
Prions accumulate in the CNS
History- first identified in captive mule deer in 1967, described as spongiform encephalopathy in 18978, 1980 recognized in captive deer in Wyoming, 1982 in captive elk
Not zoonotic
Host distribution: WTD, elk, mule deer, moose, sika deer, red deer, caribou
Chronic wasting- loss of body weight, occurs at the end of the disease, lose normal fear or become aggressive, increased salivation
Transmitted by close contact with infected animals
CWD prions are shed in saliva, urine and feces and carcasses mau contaminate the environment, once contaminated, the environment stays infectious for years
Diagnostics: IHC antibody test, ELISA, tonsillar and rectal biopsy test
No vaccine, vaccine is actually more fatal
Avian Influenza
Zoonotic
Outbreaks in Africa, the Pacific and the Middle East
Common names: avian flu, bird flu
Etiologic agent: Avian influenza virus A (H5N1 virus), other types of strains possible
Only the H5N1 and H7N9 strains affect humans
Humans get exposed directly from birds through their saliva, mucus or feces or contaminated environments, human infections are rare, it mainly affects birds, can’t be transmitted for person to person, swine are mixing vessels
Signs: Influenza-like symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat muscle aches) & conjunctivitis, Sometimes accompanied by nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting, Occasional severe respiratory illness (shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, viral pneumonia, respiratory failure), Neurologic changes possible (altered mental status, seizures)
Diagnosis: lab testing using isolation, RT-PCR, or serology tests
Prevention: avoid sources of exposure, wash hands, avoid domesticated birds, avoid cross contamination with raw poultry, obtain seasonal influenza vaccination to prevent simultaneous infections
Treatment: antiviral treatment as soon as possible, close monitoring, nasal decongestant, antihistamines, diet
Exotic Newcastle Disease
Family: paramyxoviridae
Genus: avulavirus
History: 1926 in Java, Indonesia, first case in US in 1950
Geographic Distribution: endemic: Asia, ME, Africa, Central and South America
Animal transmission: Direct contact with feces, respiratory secretions • Indirect contact – Feed, water – Equipment – Human clothing • Contaminated or incompletely inactivated vaccines, • Mild conjunctivitis – Virus shed in ocular secretions – Avoid contact with avian species • Potential for reverse-zoonotic transmission • Lab and poultry workers • No cases from handling or consuming poultry products • No human-to-human spread
Not a serious zoonoses
Post mortem lesions: Edema of head, neck • Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis or ulceration of lymphoid tissue • Hemorrhagic lesions – Tracheal mucosa – Proventriculus – Intestinal mucosa
Lab diagnosis: • Virus isolation • RT-PCR • Serology – No strain information –Cannot differentiate infected from vaccinated animals – May be used post-vaccination to confirm immune response
Vaccination routine worldwide
