Final Exam Flashcards
As stimulus intensity is increased, recording from a single neuron shows
The rate of firing increases
Refractory period
Interval between the time one nerve impulse occurs and the next one can be generated in the axon
The senses of __________ are referred to as the gatekeepers?
Tasting and Smelling (Chemical Senses)
There are ________ different types of olfactory receptors in humans
350
A fifth basic taste is ________
Umami
The tiny bumps on the tongue that contain the taste buds are the ________
Papillae
Information that remains constant even though the observer is moving is called ______
invariant information
According to Gibson, the relationship between movement and flow is_________
Movement creates flow, which then provides information to guiding further movement
Moving room studies have found that ________
Infants fall over, adults lose balance as well (Even when they know what is about to happen). Experiment shows that vision is such a powerful determinant of balance that it can override the traditional sources of balance information provided by the inner ear and the receptors in the muscles and joints (p. 159)
Affordance
Describes What I could do with respect to an object in the environment. Is that doorway pass-through-able?
I perceive not only what I am doing but what I could do.
Mirror neurons
Neurons in the Pre-motor cortex that were discovered in the monkey grasping experiment. The neurons fire when monkey is grabbing an object, but also when he observes someone else performing the same action!
help an individual understand another person’s actions and react appropriately, help the person
imitate observed behaviors, have been discovered in the premotor cortex
Given what you know about time-to-contact, an outfielder attempting to catch a fly-ball would __________ if the rate of optical expansion was constant
Not need to move
Both short and tall people perceive the boundary between what is “stair-climbable” or not, at ________ riserheights, but the _______ raiser-height to leg-length ratio.
(DIFFERENT) Riser Heights, but the (SAME) raiser-height to leg ratio.
According to opponent-process theory of color vision, the red-green system
Red & Green are paired opposites. You can’t see reddish green. Green creates red after image
A hypercomplex visual feature detector (cell)
Similar to a Complex cell; it activates when oriented stimulus is moving in a particular direction across the receptive field. But it also has an end-stopping property, meaning that it is very selective and stops firing when the size of the stimulus is out of it’s range.
“Infer,” ”detect,” “organize” characterize, respectively, the theories of
Helmholtz: Indirect Perception
One of the defining qualities of human language is its generativity. To what does this refer?
You can always generate new sentences to express new ideas by an infinite number of combinations of words. (Just like art, take the old and make it new.)
Mirror neurons in the monkey fire
When monkey performs action, and observes someone else performing the action.
Psychophysics investigates
The relationship between physical stimulus (Φ) and mental phenomena (ψ). Gustav Fechner is the founder.
Phonemes
The smallest unit of sound-bearing quality. Speech
Sensations
Your sense organs’ interpretation of physical stimulus
According to the doctrine of specific nerve energies (qualities)
(Muller) Perception is dependent on the type of neural network activated by stimulus. Example) Poking you in the eye can elicit sensattions of flashes of light. Even though the stimulus was mechanical, it activated neurons in the retina, which sent signal to the occipital lobe. You perceive light because that is the only perception your visual nerve network can make.
The classically defined problem of indirect perception is that
Conceptual Question: Input quality is not as good as output.
Perception is an achievement of brains
Our perception of the environment depends on
Could ask DR or IR. or according to Helmholtz. According to Gestaltists?
both the properties of the environmental objects and properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system.
Question will be framed from a particular perspective
What is the basic theme of Indirect Realism?
We know the world through intermediaries. Our senses produce a copy of environmental stimulus and we make inferences about our environment based on that copy and what we have previously learned about our environment.
percept percept coupling
Gestalt “principles of organization” and Helmholtz’s “principle of maximum likelihood” can be understood as
“laws of simplicity” because they?
1
Why does color perception have to be a two-stage process?
The Physical properties of light must be gathered by the optical parts and focused on the retina. That light stimulus must then be converted into an electrical signal that travels through the optic nerve into the occipital lobe. Our brain could not make sense of the stimulus if it were not transduced
According to the Opponent Process Theory of color vision, which of the following should not happen?
We should not be able to see reddish-green or bluish-yellow.
The Physiology of the process: Single neurons fire positively to one opponent and negatively to the other. A neuron would never fire positively for both red ang green, or both blue and yellow, or both black and white.
The idea that the optical structure specifies its source in the environment is most commonly associated with
Direct Realism, Ecological Approach
When I look through the front windscreen of a moving car there is ______ _______. When I look in the rear view mirror of a moving car there is _______ ______.
OPTIC OUTFLOW when moving forward, or towards objects, and OPTIC INFLOW when moving backwards, or away from objects
When you move backwards objects condense towards the horizon, thus it is called Inflow
The sensation of loudness is related to the ________ of sound waves.
Amplitude
The notion that the whole is different from the sum of the parts
Indirect Realism, Helmholtz
Elena looks at a banana and realizes that the banana is “eat-able.” This an example of
An Affordance
The ecological and common coding approaches both emphasize the intrinsic link between
Perception and Action
According to direct realists, if information is specific to its source, then
1
Ecological researchers have suggested that when participants make perceptual judgments about object weight that they are detecting information about
suggest that we base perceptual judgements about object weight on Its Mass Distribution. An object’s center of mass determines how difficult it is to move, Not its weight.
Indirect Realists would argue that perceptual judgement is based on combining length and weight perception.
Direct Realists Philosophy: Its about affordances, What can I do with this object?
____________ can be cues to the distance of a painting but not the relative distances of objects depicted in the painting.
Binocular Depth Cues (e.g., convergence, accomodation)
Stimulation of successive retinal locations could be caused by?
Motion
DR, Ecological approach, Gibson: Could be either Global change or local change in global structure.
The dark adaptation curve indicates that ____
observer’s sensitivity increases in two phases. Rapidly for 3-4 minutes then stops. Then between 7-20 minutes is gradually increases.
This discovery was the bases for determining that there are 2 distinct types of photoreceptors: Rods & Cones
*****Receptive fields for ganglion cells vary in size.
1
*****Bryce, a fan of the Houston Rockets basketball team, sees the player Yao Ming, who is 7’6” tall standing next to his coach Jeff VanGundy, who is less than 6 feet tall. Bryce correctly perceives the two men as being the same distance away from her. Which depth cue is most influencing here perception?
Law of Prior Experience?
Which of the following depth cues is equally effective at both short (0-2 meters) and far (25-30 meters) distances?
**Interposition?
Max is a participant in a speech experiment. He is asked to repeat back the word that is played to him through a
loud speaker. The experimenter plays him the word “slit” over and over again. Each time the experimenter plays
back the word “slit’ she slightly increases the amount of silence between the /s/ and /lit/. All of sudden Max stops
repeating back the word “slit” and starts repeating back the word “split”. Max’s perceptual experience indicates that
a range of silent intervals can substitute for _____________ phoneme. This finding reflects a ______ mapping.
90% of people missed this question on Exam 2. Look back at the slide
Could not find slide.
______ Many:1 mapping
A sound spectrogram is a plot of _______________ as a function of __________.
(FREQUENCY) as a function of (TIME)
What depth cue could be classified as a binocular cue and an oculomotor cue?
Convergence
Listening to someone speak a foreign language is used as an example of
1
Susan holds two black cubes, a small (1 x 1 inch) one in her right hand and a slightly larger (2 x 2 inch) one in her
left hand. An experimenter asks Susan if she perceives them to be the same weight and she reports ‘YES’. Given
what you know about the size-weight illusion, this means that if you weighed the cubes on a scale
Most people missed this on 1st exam
Must understand Types of Mapping. Understand information according to the IR approach.
IR: Many:1 mapping
Given what you know about the typical sensitivity of sensory systems, the graph to the
right is likely to be wrong because it shows
1
To say that psychophysics is a methodology that endorses Indirect Realist metatheory means
1
In the Method of Limits, the threshold level depends on whether the series is ascending or descending. How does
this support Indirect Realism?
1
For Mach Bands, the darker area sends _______ lateral inhibition to the lighter area than the lighter area sends to the
darker area.
1
According to Weber’s Law
1
Which of the following is an example of Müller’s assertion that the physiology imposes its character on experience?
1
Which of the following is an illusory consequence of receptive fields?
1
The first step in the procedure for ____________ is to present the participant a “standard stimulus” and assign a
numerical value to that stimulus.
magnitude estimation
The specific term for the “stimulus on the receptors” in visual processing is the
proximal stimulus
The mechanical parts of the middle ear and the optical parts of the eye are alike in that they both
detect sense properties
Humans perceive the /b/ sound (as in “bat”) to be the same, even when the co-articulation of the sound can be
different. This is an example of
Phonemes
Ecological researchers have suggested that when participants make perceptual judgments about object weight that
they are detecting information about
size or weight metamers
