Exam 2

Question 1

What does it mean to say that color is wholly subjective?

Answer 1

Perceived differently in different people…color is a product of the visual system not the visible spectrum….wavelengths not colors.

Question 2

Why does color perception have to be a two-stage process?

Answer 2

You sense then process…Event in real world vs. perceived event

Question 3

According to the Opponent Process Theory of color vision, which of the following should not happen?

Answer 3

color perception depends on the reception of pairs of antagonist colors. Each receptor can only work with one color at a time so the opponent color in the pair is blocked out. Pairs = red-green, blue-yellow, black- white (light-dark).

Question 4

What is the basic theme of Indirect Realism?

Answer 4

for it suggests that the world that we perceive is merely a pattern of energy in the physical brain inside our head. This could only mean that the head we have come to know as our own is not our true physical head, but merely a miniature copy of it inside a copy of the world contained within our true physical skull. The external world and its phenomenal replica cannot be spatially superimposed, for one is inside your physical head, and the other is outside. The existential vertigo occasioned by this concept of perception is so disorienting that only a handful of researchers have seriously entertained this notion or pursued its implications to its logical conclusion.

Question 5

There are ____different cone receptors, each with different absorption spectra.

Answer 5

Tri-Chromatic Theory

Young: 3 specialized cones
each acts as a channel
responsive to specific spectral composition.

Helmholtz: 3 types of cones,
each with a graded
sensitivity function

Question 6

The basic colors in the color circle are

Answer 6

Red Green Blue Yellow

Question 7

Which color is categorized as an extra-spectral color?

Answer 7

colors between the primary colors like purple

Question 8

The reflectance curve for a purple piece of paper would

Answer 8

reflect long and short wavelengths. (Red and Blue)

Question 9

The pattern of firing of receptor activity in response to red would be

Answer 9

A lot of longs and more medium, little/no short

Question 10

Two stimuli that are physically different, but are perceptually identical, are called

Answer 10

Metamers

Question 11

Which of the following is behavioral support for the “opponent-process theory”?

Answer 11

Colors on opposite sides perceive color is gray….Also after images of complimentary color

Question 12

Gestalt psychologists used the example of illusory contours to support the claim that

Answer 12

perception is more than just the addition of elemental sensations.

Question 13

____________ can be cues to the distance of a painting but not the relative distances of objects depicted in the painting.

Answer 13

binocular disparity

Question 14

Motion Parallax

Answer 14

Objects in the foreground move by faster than objects in the

background - Very distant objects appear to remain stationary

Question 15

binocular disparity

Answer 15

Amount of disparity indicates relative distance, separation

Question 16

According to Gestalt psychologists, the image to the right is perceived as a
triangle on top of a circle due to the organization law of _____________.

Answer 16

Continuation

Question 17

Which of the following body parts has the lowest two-point threshold?

Answer 17

finger tips lower than shoulder

Question 18

Amplitude

Answer 18

Loudness

Question 19

Frequency (wavelength)

Answer 19

Pitch

Question 20

Complexity

Answer 20

Timbre

Question 21

Jan tries to focus on the tip of her pencil as she brings it closer to her. She feels the strain on her eye as she does this. What she is feeling in her eye is due to the process called

Answer 21

binocular convergence…the ciliary muscles are working hard to compress your lens.
Accommodation is our ability to focus on things that are either near or far
(p. 30/31, Fig. 2.11). We change our focus by changing the shape of the
lens.

Question 22

The law of similarity can account for grouping of stimuli that are similar in

Answer 22

related in terms of orientation, shape and auditory pitch

Question 23

The theory of unconscious inference

Answer 23

Ability to create perceptions from stimulus information that can be seen in more than one way

Question 24

Humans perceive the /b/ sound (as in “bat”) to be the same, even when the co-articulation of the sound can be different. This is an example of

Answer 24

Phonemic restoration effect

Question 25

Gestalt “principles of organization” and Helmholtz’s “principle of maximum likelihood” can be understood as “laws of simplicity” because they?

Answer 25

Demonstrate the core belief that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

Question 26

Adding a 440 Hz tone to a 880 Hz tone and a 1320 Hz tone will result in

Answer 26

orchestral tuning pitch…complex tune

Question 27

The ______ is the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of the word.

Answer 27

phonemes

Question 28

the wave form pattern of a pure tone is a?

Answer 28

sine wave

Question 29

A sound spectrogram is a plot of _______________ as a function of __________.

Answer 29

frequency; time

Question 30

Listening to someone speak a foreign language is used as an example of

Answer 30

the segmentation problem.

Question 31

When an object made of many parts of different materials is set into vibration

Answer 31

complex tone is made

Question 32

Auditory grouping can be accomplished by

Answer 32

pitch and timbre

Question 33

Susan holds two black cubes, a small (1 x 1 inch) one in her right hand and a slightly larger (2 x 2 inch) one in her left hand. An experimenter asks Susan if she perceives them to be the same weight and she reports ‘YES’. Given what you know about the size-weight illusion, this means that if you weighed the cubes on a scale

Answer 33

the smaller one weighs more

Question 34

The problem of variability from the way different people speak can be demonstrated by

Answer 34

a. the pitch differences in different people’s voices.
b. the different accents of different speakers.
c. the speed at which the speaker talks.

Question 35

If there is an interaural time difference, we interpret the sound as coming from

Answer 35

the side

Question 36

Stimulation of successive retinal locations could be caused by?

Answer 36

motion

Question 37

__________emphasizes the use of elemental or atomistic primitives in perception.

Answer 37

analytic introspection

Question 38

According to recognition-by-components theory, the volumetric features are called

Answer 38

geons

Question 39

the unit measure for a sound waves frequency is

Answer 39

hertz

Question 40

Bryce, a fan of the Houston Rockets basketball team, sees the player Yao Ming, who is 7’6” tall standing next to his coach Jeff VanGundy, who is less than 6 feet tall. Bryce correctly perceives the two men as being the same distance away from her. Which depth cue is most influencing here perception?

Answer 40

percept-percept coupling

Question 41

The lines on the graphs are called

Answer 41

equal-loudness contour

Question 42

The two white dots are perceived to be _____________ in

loudness, but ____________ than _____________ dots.

Answer 42

equal;

Question 43

The mechanical parts of the middle ear and the optical parts of the eye are alike in that they both

Answer 43

transmit the wave