Exam 2 Flashcards
What does it mean to say that color is wholly subjective?
Perceived differently in different people…color is a product of the visual system not the visible spectrum….wavelengths not colors.
Why does color perception have to be a two-stage process?
You sense then process…Event in real world vs. perceived event
According to the Opponent Process Theory of color vision, which of the following should not happen?
color perception depends on the reception of pairs of antagonist colors. Each receptor can only work with one color at a time so the opponent color in the pair is blocked out. Pairs = red-green, blue-yellow, black- white (light-dark).
What is the basic theme of Indirect Realism?
for it suggests that the world that we perceive is merely a pattern of energy in the physical brain inside our head. This could only mean that the head we have come to know as our own is not our true physical head, but merely a miniature copy of it inside a copy of the world contained within our true physical skull. The external world and its phenomenal replica cannot be spatially superimposed, for one is inside your physical head, and the other is outside. The existential vertigo occasioned by this concept of perception is so disorienting that only a handful of researchers have seriously entertained this notion or pursued its implications to its logical conclusion.
There are ____different cone receptors, each with different absorption spectra.
Tri-Chromatic Theory
Young: 3 specialized cones
each acts as a channel
responsive to specific spectral composition.
Helmholtz: 3 types of cones,
each with a graded
sensitivity function
The basic colors in the color circle are
Red Green Blue Yellow
Which color is categorized as an extra-spectral color?
colors between the primary colors like purple
The reflectance curve for a purple piece of paper would
reflect long and short wavelengths. (Red and Blue)
The pattern of firing of receptor activity in response to red would be
A lot of longs and more medium, little/no short
Two stimuli that are physically different, but are perceptually identical, are called
Metamers
Which of the following is behavioral support for the “opponent-process theory”?
Colors on opposite sides perceive color is gray….Also after images of complimentary color
Gestalt psychologists used the example of illusory contours to support the claim that
perception is more than just the addition of elemental sensations.
____________ can be cues to the distance of a painting but not the relative distances of objects depicted in the painting.
binocular disparity
Motion Parallax
Objects in the foreground move by faster than objects in the
background - Very distant objects appear to remain stationary
binocular disparity
Amount of disparity indicates relative distance, separation
According to Gestalt psychologists, the image to the right is perceived as a
triangle on top of a circle due to the organization law of _____________.
Continuation
Which of the following body parts has the lowest two-point threshold?
finger tips lower than shoulder
Amplitude
Loudness
Frequency (wavelength)
Pitch
Complexity
Timbre
Jan tries to focus on the tip of her pencil as she brings it closer to her. She feels the strain on her eye as she does this. What she is feeling in her eye is due to the process called
binocular convergence…the ciliary muscles are working hard to compress your lens.
Accommodation is our ability to focus on things that are either near or far
(p. 30/31, Fig. 2.11). We change our focus by changing the shape of the
lens.
The law of similarity can account for grouping of stimuli that are similar in
related in terms of orientation, shape and auditory pitch
The theory of unconscious inference
Ability to create perceptions from stimulus information that can be seen in more than one way
Humans perceive the /b/ sound (as in “bat”) to be the same, even when the co-articulation of the sound can be different. This is an example of
Phonemic restoration effect
Gestalt “principles of organization” and Helmholtz’s “principle of maximum likelihood” can be understood as “laws of simplicity” because they?
Demonstrate the core belief that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
Adding a 440 Hz tone to a 880 Hz tone and a 1320 Hz tone will result in
orchestral tuning pitch…complex tune
The ______ is the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of the word.
phonemes
the wave form pattern of a pure tone is a?
sine wave
A sound spectrogram is a plot of _______________ as a function of __________.
frequency; time
Listening to someone speak a foreign language is used as an example of
the segmentation problem.
When an object made of many parts of different materials is set into vibration
complex tone is made
Auditory grouping can be accomplished by
pitch and timbre
Susan holds two black cubes, a small (1 x 1 inch) one in her right hand and a slightly larger (2 x 2 inch) one in her left hand. An experimenter asks Susan if she perceives them to be the same weight and she reports ‘YES’. Given what you know about the size-weight illusion, this means that if you weighed the cubes on a scale
the smaller one weighs more
The problem of variability from the way different people speak can be demonstrated by
a. the pitch differences in different people’s voices.
b. the different accents of different speakers.
c. the speed at which the speaker talks.
If there is an interaural time difference, we interpret the sound as coming from
the side
Stimulation of successive retinal locations could be caused by?
motion
__________emphasizes the use of elemental or atomistic primitives in perception.
analytic introspection
According to recognition-by-components theory, the volumetric features are called
geons
the unit measure for a sound waves frequency is
hertz
Bryce, a fan of the Houston Rockets basketball team, sees the player Yao Ming, who is 7’6” tall standing next to his coach Jeff VanGundy, who is less than 6 feet tall. Bryce correctly perceives the two men as being the same distance away from her. Which depth cue is most influencing here perception?
percept-percept coupling
The lines on the graphs are called
equal-loudness contour
The two white dots are perceived to be _____________ in
loudness, but ____________ than _____________ dots.
equal;
The mechanical parts of the middle ear and the optical parts of the eye are alike in that they both
transmit the wave
