Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Introduction to Biology > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable explanation that has not yet been proven true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

biology

A

the study of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

variable

A

conditions or factors subject to change in an experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that changes in response to the experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

independent variable

A

“Variable I change”. Variables we modify at the start of the experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

control group

A

receives no change (NO MANIPULATION) in any variable. this is used as a baseline to compare to the treatment group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

treatment group

A

receives a change (MANIPULATION) in one variable, but all others remain the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

scientific method steps

A
  1. observation
  2. question
  3. hypothesis
  4. prediction
  5. experiment
  6. conclusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

8 characteristics of life

A
  1. assimilate energy
  2. respond to the environment
  3. maintain a relatively constant internal environment
  4. reproduce
  5. possess an inherited information base, encoded in DNA
  6. are composed of one or more cells
  7. are evolved from other living things
  8. are highly organized compared to inanimate objects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hierarchy of life

A

Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biomes → Biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of an element that retains the element’s distinctive properties; the building blocks of all matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

proton

A

a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

neutron

A

an electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

electron

A

a negatively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in an atoms nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

element

A

any substance that cannot be reduced to simpler substances through chemical means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

isotope

A

two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

electronegativity

A

measure of an atom’s power to attract electrons. has to do with anything that has a charge intertwined with polarity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ionization

A

process where an atom/molecules’ charge becomes negative or positive by the gaining or loss of electrons; how ions are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ion

A

an atom that has lost or gained electrons and therefore is either negatively or positively charged. number of electrons differs from number of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

solution

A

a homogenous mixture of two or more kinds of substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

solute

A

the compound dissolved in solution (sugar in water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

solvent

A

the compound doing the dissolving (water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

acid

A

any substance that yields (loses) hydrogen ions in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

base

A

any substance that accepts hydrogen ions in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

polarity

A

The distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond. Whether an element is neutral or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

hydrophobic

A

Literally, “water-fearing.” Excluded from water. Water cannot break down these compounds!!! (water and oil). These compounds are nonpolar and do not have a charge. When put into polar environments such as water, the nonpolar molecules stick and form a membrane, preventing water from surrounding the molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

hydrophilic

A

Literally, “water-loving.” Soluble in water. These compounds are polar and have a charge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ionic bond

A

the chemical attraction between a negatively charged ion and a positively charged ion (medium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

covalent bond

A

the sharing of electrons between two atoms (strongest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

hydrogen bond

A

the weak electrical attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and a neighboring atom with a partial negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

zygote

A

a diploid fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

gamete

A

the haploid cells produced through meiosis. female gametes are eggs, male gametes are sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

haploid

A

produced in meiosis, cells that contain a single set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

diploid

A

produced in mitosis, cells that contain two sets of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the four bases of DNA?

A

adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

four main types of large organic molecules

A

proteins
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

monomer

A

a small molecule that is repeating unit of polymer (building block of molecule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

polymer

A

a long strand of repeating units of small molecules called monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

lipid

A

any major class of bio molecules built of fatty acids and insoluble water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

lipoprotein

A

biological molecules that are combination of lipid and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

glycoprotein

A

combinations of carbohydrates and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

the process of joining two molecules or compounds together, following the removal of water. monomers joining via covalent bonds to form polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

polymers of simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what are carbohydrates used for?

A

energy storage and structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Difference between Monosaccharides, disaccarides, polysaccharides.

A

Monosaccharides: simple sugar monomers disaccarides: two monomer sugars polysaccharides: created by long chains of monosaccarides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

which two complex carbohydrates can we digest?

A

starch and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the organization of DNA?

A

DNA, Gene, Chromatid, Chromosome, Genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

genome

A

the complex set of genes of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

phenotype

A

any observable character (physiological features, bodily characteristics, or behaviors of an organism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

dominant

A

alleles that determine a phenotype, regardless of the presence of recessive of alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

recessive

A

alleles that do not produce a noticeable effect of phenotype unless they are alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

incomplete dominant

A

when neither allele for a given gene is completely dominant, with the result that heterozygous genotypes can yield an intermediate phenotype (pink snapdragons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

codominant

A

where neither allele is recessive, both are fully expressed instead of blending together (type AB blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

gene

A

the basic unit of information, consisting of a stretch of DNA, that codes for a distinct genetic characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

allele

A

each variable form of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

homozygous

A

two copies of the same allele (BB or bb) for a particular gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

heterozygous

A

two different alleles for a given phenotype (Bb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

carrier

A

don’t suffer from these traits but can pass it down to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

x-linked inheritance

A

only located on X chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

autosomal inheritance

A

involved neither X or Y chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

non-disjunction

A

chromosomes not splitting during anaphase which leads to unequal dividing in chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what are three reasons cells divide?

A
  1. cells die and need to be replaced
  2. growth
  3. reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

species

A

members of a group that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

macroevolution

A

a product of microevolution; evolution on a larger scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

microevolution

A

a change of allele frequencies with a population over a relatively short period time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

gene pool

A

the sum total of alleles in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

mutation

A

any permanent alteration in an organism’s DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

gene flow

A

the movement of genes from one population to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

genetic drift

A

a change in allele frequencies produced by random differences in survival and reproduction among the individuals in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

bottleneck effect

A

a form of genetic drift that occurs when a drop in the size of a population causes a loss of genetic variation (occurs by chance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

founder effect

A

a form of genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population isolated from its original, larger population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

sexual selection

A

natural selection in which a trait increases an individual’s chance of mating even if it decreases the individual’s chance of survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which individuals with advantageous characteristics for a particular environment survive and reproduce at a higher rate than individuals with less useful characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

common descent with modification

A

life descended from common ancestors located further down the evolutionary tree. Modification occurs as generations of life progress upwards along the tree.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

evolutionary fitness

A

relative reproductive success of individuals in a given environment at a given time. One individual is said to be more fit than another to the extent that it has more offspring than another

81
Q

what are the three modes of natural selection?

A
  1. stabilizing selection
  2. directional selection
  3. disruptive selection
82
Q

stabilizing selection

A

moves a character in population toward intermediate forms and hence tends to preserve the status quo (maintain average)

83
Q

directional selection

A

moves a character toward one of its extreme forms (shift populations)

84
Q

disruptive selection

A

moves a character toward two of its extreme forms (shifts populations into two populations)

85
Q

speciation

A

the process by which one species splits to form two species or more

86
Q

branching evolution

A

occurs when a single “parent” species diverges into two species, the parent species continuing while a second species arises from it

87
Q

allopatric speciation

A

the formation of new species form from geographically isolated populations; don’t mate because they’re too far apart

88
Q

sympatric speciation

A

the formation of new species in the absence of geographical isolation. they’re in the same place but don’t like each other so they don’t mate

89
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the expansion of a group of organisms to take on new ecological roles and to form new species and higher taxonomic groups. Rapid speciation as a result of a new environment or new niche. Works with natural selection because species have to adapt to a new environment, leading to new groups in different areas.

90
Q

systematics

A

the biological discipline concerned with establishing degrees of relatedness among both living and extinct species

91
Q

homologous structures

A

common structures in a different species that result from a shared ancestry

92
Q

analogous structures

A

characteristics that appear similar, but were evolved separately, a recent common ancestor was not involved

93
Q

convergent evolution

A

evolution that results in organisms that have different genetics but appear very much alike

94
Q

what are the 6 intrinsic isolation mechanisms?

A
  1. ecological isolation
  2. temporal
  3. behavioral
  4. gametic
  5. hybrid inviability
  6. mechanical
95
Q

ecological isolation

A

when populations overlap in range but still may not encounter each other if they use different habitats

96
Q

temporal isolation

A

do not mate during the same time of the year, so gene flow is limited

97
Q

behavioral isolation

A

even when population share the same habitat during the same time, they may still not breed if they are not attracted to each other

98
Q

gametic isolation

A

even when they are able to mate, their gametes may be incompatible

99
Q

hybrid inviability

A

species can mate, but their offspring are infertile or unable to survive/develop normally

100
Q

mechanical isolation

A

even when they are attracted to each other they might not be able to mate successfully

101
Q

Know the order of categories all life forms are placed in (Kingdom, Phylum, etc.)

A

King Phillip Came Over For Great Steak

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

102
Q

virus

A

a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside a living cell

103
Q

antibody

A

a protein that is produced by the immune system to help stop intruders from harming the body

104
Q

prokaryote

A

organisms whose genetic material is not contained within a nucleus

105
Q

extremophile

A

organisms that have evolved to survive in environments once thought to be entirely uninheritable

106
Q

thermophile

A

a prokaryote, usually archaen that can live in extremely hot environments

107
Q

halophile

A

a prokaryote, usually archaen that can live in extremely salty environments

108
Q

anaerobe

A

organisms that can either do without oxygen or that are actually poisoned by it

109
Q

algae

A

protists that get their nutrition by performing photosynethesis

110
Q

phytoplankton

A

autotrophic components of the plankton community that produce most of the earth’s oxygen and form the base of so many aquatic food chains

111
Q

heterotrophic

A

a consumer, an organism that obtains energy by taking it from other sources

112
Q

alternation of generations

A

one generation produces an entirely different generation

113
Q

sporophyte

A

this generation produces spores

114
Q

gametophyte

A

the generation that spores grow up to be; this generation produces gametes

115
Q

endosperm

A

tissue inside of the angiosperm seeds, which functions as food for the growing embryo

116
Q

radial symmetry

A

can cut it any way and it will still be symmetrical

117
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

can cut it in half and it will still be symmetrical

118
Q

coelem

A

central body cavity

119
Q

hermaphrodite

A

have both male and female reproductive organs, some animals can change from male to female over their lifetime

120
Q

ecology

A

study of interactions between organisms and their environment, where the environment of an organism includes both biotic factors (other living organisms) and abiotic (nonliving) factors.

121
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of the same species living and interacting in a shared environment

122
Q

community

A

the populations of different species that interact with one another in a particular place

123
Q

ecosystem

A

a particular physical environment and all the communities in it

124
Q

biosphere

A

all the world’s living organisms and the physical spaces where they live

125
Q

J-shaped growth curve

A

exponential growth, rapid growth

126
Q

S-shaped growth curve

A

logistic growth, initially grows but later levels out

127
Q

survivorship curve

A

how soon species members tend to die within the species lifespan

128
Q

life table

A

how survivorship curves are created. they use data collected from a group to estimate the probabilities of an individual being alive after given intervals of time

129
Q

What are the three classes of extremophiles

A
  1. Thermophile- Extremely hot environments
  2. Halophiles- Salty environments
  3. Anaerobes- are without oxygen or that are poisoned by it
130
Q

arithmetical growth

A

over given interval of time an unvarying number of new units is added to a population (j shaped growth)

131
Q

exponential growth

A

when the number of new units added to a population is proportional to the number of units that exists (s shaped growth)

132
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum population density of a given species that can be sustained

133
Q

R selected species

A

species tend to be physically small, experience their environment as relatively unstable and give little to no attention to the numerous offspring they produce

134
Q

K selected species

A

physically large species, experience their environment as a relatively stable and lavish; a good deal of attention on relatively few species

135
Q

Ecological dominant

A

The few species that are dominant in a given area

136
Q

Keystone species

A

A species whose absence from a community would bring about significant change in that community

137
Q

Detritivore

A

A class of consumer that feeds on the remains of dead organisms

138
Q

Decomposer

A

A special kind of detritivore that break down dead material into its inorganic components, which can then be recycled through an ecosystem

139
Q

Producer

A

An organism at the bottom of a food chain that uses energy from the sun to produce its own food

140
Q

Consumer

A

An organism that obtains energy by eating all or parts of other organisms or their remains

141
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

Occurs when one species evolves to resemble a different species that has superior to protective capability

142
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Occurs when several species combine their protection against predators by resembling each other

143
Q

Mutualism

A

A win-win relationship; both species benefit from their interaction

144
Q

Commensalism

A

An interaction in which an individual from one species benefits while an individual from another species is neither harmed nor helped; win - “no one cares” relationship

145
Q

Parasitism

A

A win-lose relationship, where one species feeds on parts of another but does not kill it immediately and may not kill it ever

146
Q

Predation

A

One organism feeding on a second organism; a win-lose relationship

147
Q

Competition

A

A species interaction in which both species may be harmed; lose-lose relationship

148
Q

Biological legacy

A

Living things that survive a major ecological disturbance

149
Q

porifera (sponges)

A
  • no tissue
  • no symmetry
  • no organs
  • eats by drawing water into pores with flagella
150
Q

cnidaria (jellyfish)

A
  • stinging cells (cnidocytes)
  • tissue
  • no organs
  • radial symmetry
  • two stages of life; Medusa and polyp
151
Q

platyhelminthes (flat worms)

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • organs
  • no coelom
152
Q

annelida (segmented worms)

A
  • coelom
  • bilateral symmetry
  • ex; earthworms
  • they grow back!
153
Q

mollusca (squishy things)

A
  • tissue
  • mantel: creates shell
    1. gastropods
    2. bivalves
    3. cephalopods
    ex; snails and slugs
154
Q

nematoda (roundworms)

A
  • parasite

- small

155
Q

arthropoda (insects, spiders)

A
  • repeating specialized segments
  • have an exoskeleton made of chitin
    1. uniramia (insects)
    2. chelicerata (spiders)
    3. crustacea (lobsters)
  • 2 of 3 species are arthropoda
156
Q

echinodermata (sea stars)

A
  • radial symmetry
  • feeds by everting stomach
  • ex; starfish
157
Q

chordata

A
  • all have: notochord, nerve chord, tail, and pharyngeal slits
    1. verterbrata
    2. cephalochordata
    3. urochordata

there are six classes of vertebrates:

  1. chondrichthyes (cartilaginous) (sharks)
  2. Osteichthyes (bony fish)
    - ray or lobe finned
  3. amphibia
  4. reptilia (amniotic eggs) (ectotherms)
  5. aves (birds)
  6. mammalia (hair, mammary glands)
158
Q

true multicellularity vs colonial multicellularity

A

true multicellularity: cells specialize in different roles.

colonial multicellularity: cells specialize in different roles

159
Q

nucleus

A

the control center of the cell, contains the cells DNA, coordinates cell’s activities

160
Q

organelle

A

Any of the membrane-enclosed subcellular compartments found in eukaryotic cells

161
Q

cytosol

A

the jelly-like fluid in which organelles are immersed

162
Q

cytoplasm

A

made up of the cytosol and insoluble suspended particles. Water and nutrients

163
Q

cytoskeleton

A

The network of protein cylinders and filaments that form the framework of the cell (inside the cytoplasm)

164
Q

plasma membrane

A

A barrier consisting of a phospholipid bilayer that separates a cell from its external environment. Flexible and active outer lining of a cell or of its compartments

165
Q

endomembrane system

A

A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins

166
Q

transport vesicle

A

Vesicle that transports materials around the cell, most common path is from ER to the golgi apparatus

167
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

Either bacteria or another life-form called archaea. Single-celled, anucleate. Have their DNA in a region called the nucleoid. Many bacteria contain an outer layer called a capsule

168
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

Have their DNA contained in a membrane-line compartment, the nucleus. Either single-celled or multi-celled organisms.

169
Q

ribsomes

A

Large macromolecules consisting of RNA and associated proteins. Their function is for protein synthesis

170
Q

mitochondira

A

Organelles involved in the production of energy in the form of ATP

171
Q

rough er

A

ribosomes located here

172
Q

smooth er

A

Detoxifies substances, responsible for lipid synthesis, builds hormones

173
Q

golgi apparatus/complex

A

Packages proteins and moves them

174
Q

lysosomes

A

Responsible for molecule storage and breakdown (Recycles molecules no longer needed by the cell)

175
Q

transport vesicle

A

Package up proteins made by ribosomes, then move across the cell

176
Q

cytoskeleton

A

Provides structural support for animal cells, allows for cell movement, and transports substances throughout the cell’s interior

177
Q

cell wall

A

A thick structural layer surrounding the plant cells

178
Q

vacuole

A

Store and break down water and other molecules. Central Vacuole in the plant cell helps to maintain the cells rigidity

179
Q

choloroplasts

A

Responsible for food and energy production. Carry out photosynthesis in plant cells

180
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy in motion

181
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy, has POTENTIAL of being released. Chemical energy is a special form of potential energy. Energy is held in chemical bonds, released in chemical reactions

182
Q

laws of thermodynamics

A
  1. Energy is never created or destroyed but is only transformed. “Conservation of Energy”
  2. Energy transfer will always result in a greater amount of disorder in the universe.
    -“Entropy” : measure of the amount of disorder in a
    system; the greater the entropy, the greater the
    disorder.
    - In every energy transaction,(every step is not a
    perfect transaction) some energy will be lost to
    the most disordered form of energy, heat.
183
Q

substrate

A

A molecule that will react to form a product.

184
Q

coenzyme

A

Small organic molecules that are needed by certain enzymes for them to function

185
Q

active site

A

The location within an enzyme where substrates are bound.

186
Q

allosteric regulation

A

A molecule binds with the enzyme at a site other than its active site, changing its shape. Changes the enzyme; it will either become more or less active in its binding ability

187
Q

competitve inhibition

A

A reduction in the activity of an enzyme by a compound binding with the enzyme in its active site. Turns off the enzyme so that it can’t grab onto anything

188
Q

what are the four functions of proteins?

A
  1. Structural support: Often bound to cytoskeleton.
  2. Cell identification: By serving as external recognition proteins that interact with immune system cells.
  3. Communication: By serving as external receptors for signaling molecules.
  4. Transport: By providing channels for the movement of compounds into and out of the cell.
189
Q

diffusion

A

The movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

190
Q

osmosis

A

The net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, how cells regulate their water content

191
Q

hypertonic surroundings

A

If the concentration of a solution is higher inside a cell than it is outside of the cell. Has everything packed into it

192
Q

hypotonic surroundings

A

If the concentration inside of the cell is lower than outside of the cell.

193
Q

isotonic surroundings

A

If the concentration is the same on both sides

194
Q

exocytosis

A

When vesicles transport materials outside of a cell

195
Q

vesicles

A

Tiny sacs that are used to move larger substances in and out of cells, lined with membranes and can fuse or separate from other membranes

196
Q

endocytosis

A

When materials are brought inside a cell

  • Phagocytosis: “cellular eating”, particles larger than biomolecules are ingested (an entire bacterium or virus).
  • Pinocytosis: “cellular drinking”, involves the capture of fluids.
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
197
Q

bacteriophage

A

“bacteria eaters” consist of DNA inside a protein coat. inject their DNA into bacterial cells

198
Q

retrovirus

A

a type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the DNA of the host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell

199
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

the virus DNA hides in the bacteria’s DNA. it remains there each time the bacteria divide

Introduction to Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions