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Introduction to Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

scientific method

A

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion.

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable explanation that has not yet been proven true. hypothesis is either supported or not, NOT proven.

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3
Q

biology

A

the study of life.

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4
Q

variables

A

conditions or factors subject to change in an experiment.

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5
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that changes in response to the experiment.

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6
Q

independent variable

A

“variable I change”. variables we modify at the start of the experiment.

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7
Q

control group

A

receives no change (NO MANIPULATION) in any variable. this is used as a baseline to compare to the treatment group.

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8
Q

treatment group

A

receives a change (MANIPULATION) in one variable, but all others remain the same.

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9
Q

8 characteristics of life

A

assimilate energy
respond to the environment
maintain a relatively constant internal environment
reproduce
possess an inherited information base, encoded in DNA
are composed of one or more cells
are evolved from other living things
are highly organized compared to inanimate objects.

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10
Q

hierarchical organization of life

A

Atom → Molecule → Cell → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biomes → Biosphere

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11
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of an element that retains the element’s distinctive properties. the building blocks of all matter.

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12
Q

proton

A

a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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13
Q

neutron

A

an electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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14
Q

electron

A

a negatively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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15
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus.

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16
Q

element

A

any substance that cannot be reduced to simpler substances through chemical means.

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17
Q

isotope

A

two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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18
Q

electronegativity

A

the measure of an atom’s power to attract electrons.

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19
Q

ion

A

an atom that has lost or gained electrons and therefore is either negatively or positively charged.

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20
Q

solution

A

a homogenous mixture of two or more kinds of substances.

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21
Q

solute

A

the compound dissolved in solution.

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22
Q

solvent

A

the compound doing the dissolving.

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23
Q

acid

A

any substance that loses hydrogen ions in solution.

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24
Q

base

A

any substance that accepts hydrogen ions in solution.

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25
Q

polarity

A

the distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond.

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26
Q

ionic bond

A

the chemical attraction between a negatively charged ion and a positively charged ion. (medium)

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27
Q

covalent bond

A

the sharing of electrons between two atoms. (strongest)

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28
Q

hydrogen bond

A

the weak electrical attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and a neighboring atom with a partial negative charge.

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29
Q

hydrophobic

A

“water-fearing”, nonpolar, do not have a charge and cannot mix with water.

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30
Q

hydrophilic

A

“water-loving”, polar, have a charge and can mix with water.

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31
Q

four main types of biological molecules

A

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids, Lipids

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32
Q

monomer

A

a small molecule that is the repeating unit of a polymer.

33
Q

polymer

A

a long strand of repeating units of small molecules called monomers.

34
Q

lipid

A

any of a major class of biomolecules built of fatty acids and insoluble in water.

35
Q

lipoprotein

A

biological molecules that are combinations of lipids and proteins.

36
Q

glycoprotein

A

combinations of carbohydrates and proteins.

37
Q

nucleus defintion

A

the control center of the cell, contains the cell DNA.

38
Q

organelle

A

any of the membrane-enclosed subcellular compartments found in eukaryotic cells.

39
Q

cytosol

A

the jelly-like fluid in which these organelles are immersed.

40
Q

cytoskeleton

A

the network of protein cylinders and filaments that form the framework of the cell.

41
Q

cytoplasm

A

made up of the cytosol and insoluble suspended particles.

42
Q

plasma membrane

A

a barrier consisting of a phospholipid bilayer that separates a cell from its external environment. Flexible and active outer lining of a cell or of its compartments.

43
Q

endomembrane system

A

a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins.

44
Q

transport vesicle

A

vesicle that transports materials around the cell, most common path is from ER to the golgi apparatus.

45
Q

nucleus function

A

stores DNA, coordinates the cell’s activities.

46
Q

ribosome function

A

large macromolecules consisting of RNA and associated proteins. Their function is for protein synthesis

47
Q

mitochondria function

A

organelles involved in the production of energy in the form of ATP.

48
Q

rough er function

A

ribosomes located here

49
Q

smooth er function

A

detoxifies substances, responsible for lipid synthesis, builds hormones.

50
Q

golgi apparatus function

A

packages proteins.

51
Q

lysosome function

A

responsible for molecule storage and breakdown (recycles molecules no longer needed by the cell).

52
Q

transport vesicle function

A

package up proteins made by ribosomes, then move across the cell.

53
Q

cell wall function

A

a thick structural layer surrounding the plant cells, serves for protection and is also permeable.

54
Q

vacuole function

A

store and break down water and other molecules. central vacuole in the plant cell helps to maintain the cells rigidity.

55
Q

chloroplast function

A

responsible for food and energy production. Carry out photosynthesis in plant cells.

56
Q

ionization

A

process where an atom/molecules’ charge becomes negative or positive by the gaining or loss of electrons, how ions are formed.

57
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy in motion.

58
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy, has POTENTIAL of being released.

59
Q

2 laws of thermodynamics

A
  1. energy is never created or destroyed but is only transformed. “Conservation of Energy”
  2. energy transfer will always result in a greater amount of disorder in the universe.
60
Q

entropy

A

measure of the amount of disorder in a system; the greater the entropy, the greater the disorder.

61
Q

substrate

A

a molecule that will react to form a product.

62
Q

coenzyme

A

small organic molecules that are needed by certain enzymes for them to function.

63
Q

active site

A

the location within an enzyme where substrates are bound.

64
Q

allosteric regulation

A

A molecule binds with the enzyme at a site other than its active site, changing its shape. Changes the enzyme; it will either become more or less active in its binding ability.

65
Q

competitive inhibition

A

A reduction in the activity of an enzyme by a compound binding with the enzyme in its active site. Turns off the enzyme so that it can’t grab onto anything.

66
Q

hypertonic surroundings

A

If the concentration of a solution is higher inside a cell than it is outside of the cell. Has everything packed into it

67
Q

hypotonic surroundings

A

If the concentration inside of the cell is lower than outside of the cell.

68
Q

isotonic surroundings

A

If the concentration is the same on both sides.

69
Q

atoms

A

building blocks of all matter including biological organisms.

70
Q

molecules

A

made of atoms.

71
Q

cells

A

the smallest unit of life.

72
Q

tissue

A

composed of many cells, found in multicellular organisms.

73
Q

organisms

A

an animal, a plant, or a single-celled microbe such as a bacterium or amoeba.

74
Q

population

A

many organisms of the same species living together in an environment.

75
Q

community

A

all the populations of different organisms living together in a shared environment.

76
Q

ecosystem

A

a particular environment and all the populations and communities within that environment.

77
Q

biome

A

earth is divided into biomes, which are large areas of similar climate, environmental characteristics and types of organisms.

78
Q

biosphere

A

the region that encompasses all living things on Earth.

Introduction to Biology (2 decks)

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