Final Exam 6th Science Flashcards
Organisms
are living things
environments
the different types of surroundings where organismis live
resources
are the different things an organism gets such as food, water, and shelter from its environment that it needs to live, grow, and reproduce
Habitat
the environment which provides the things a specific organsim needs to live, grow, and produce
biotic factors
the living parts of a habitat
examples of biotic factors
animals, trees and plancts
abiotic factors
the on-living parts of a habitat
examples of abiotic factors
water, space, rocks and light
Species
a group of organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce
population
all the members of one species living in a particular area
community
all the different populations that live together in an area make up a community
ecosystem
the community of organisms that lives in a particular area, along with the nonliving environment
Describe the flow of an ecosysem
organism to population to community to ecosystem
How does population grow
new individuals enter by being born into it. Population grows when more births than deaths
immigration
moving into a population
emigation
moving out of a population
formula for population density
number of individuals divided by unit area
If you have 800 beetles living in a park measuring 400 square meters what is the population density
800
What are the factors that limit population growth
Food and Water
Climate and Weather
Space and Shelter
Diseases
What is Carrying Capacity
the largest population that an area of food and water can support
What do plans rely on for energy
soil, water, and sun
What do animals rely on for energy
plans as well as other animals
Do living plants and animals need energy to survive
yes
what is a food chain
describes how different organisms eat each other, starting out with a plant and ending with an anmial
producers
an organism that can make its own food (photosynthesis) such as plants
consumers
an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms (plant or animal) such as animals
primary consumers
animals that eat plants, also called herbivores
secondary consumers
animals that eat other animals also called carnivores
omnivores
animals that eat both plants and animals
tertiary consumer
a carnivore that eats another carnivore
decomposers
they eat decaying matter (like dead plants and animals) by breakig them down. They help put nutrients back into the soil for plants to eat
what are examples of decomposers
worms, bacteria, fungi
What are the links to the food chain called
producers, consumers and decomposers
All energy in a food chain comes from who
the producers (plants) that convert sunlight into energy (photosynthesis)
Do higher links in a food chain rely on lower links
yes, even though llions don’t eat grass, they wouldn’t last long if there wasn’t any grass for zebras to eat
What is a food web
in any ecosystem theare are many food chains and generally most plants and animals are part of several chains. When you raw all the chains together you end up with a food web.
What are the trophic levels
a way some scientists describe each level in a food web. There are five levels.
What are the 5 trophic levels
level 1 producers
level 2 primary consumers
level 3 secondary consumers
level 4 tertiary consumers
level 5 apex predators
what are apex predators
top of the food chain, nothing eats these animals
what is an energy pyramid
an energy pyramid is a diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feedling level to another in a food web
niche
the role of an organsim in its habitat. This includes how an organism obtains its food, the type of food an organism eats, and what other organisms eats it.
what is competition
the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resources in the same place at the same time
what is predation
an interaction in which one organism kills another organism for food
does predation affect population size
yes
symbiosis
any relationship in which two species live closely together and benefits at least one of the species
what are the three types of symbiotic relationships
commensalism, mutualism and parasitism
commensalism
one speccies benefits and the other is netiehr helped nor harmed such as a bird building a nest and the tree is unharmed
mutualism
two species benefit from each other such as oxpecker birds and zebras
parasitism
one species benefits and the other is harmed, such as dogs and fleas
in parasitism what is the parasite
the organism that benefits is called the parasite
in parasitism what is the host
the organism that is harmed is called the host
biodiversity
the number and variety of different species in an area.
as more resources increase what happens to biodiversity
biodiversity increases
what are examples of economic and ecological value of biodiversity
food, fuel, medicine
resources consumed from an ecosystem provide a direct or indirect value?
direct value
what are examples of how humans destroy the ecosystem
build homes, factories and farms, use pesticides and fertilizer, pollute rivers, lakes and oceans and we introduce species from other places
what are indirect values
resources in ecosystems that are used but not consumed such as shade trees that reduce utility bills and provide wind protection or wetlands that reduce soil erosion and control flooding
what are keystone species
this species influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem such as an african elephant or beaver
niche diversity
the niches of different populations within an ecosystem interact with one
genetic diversity
the greater the genetic diversity, the more likely a species can adapt and survive.
endangered species
animals at risk of becoming extinct
why do animals become extinct
natural forces
human interaction
hunting
pollution
loss of haitat
introduced species
what is the Endangered Species Act
a U.S. law that protects animals and plants that are in danger of becoming extinct
what percent of species are now extinct
90 percent
Invasive species
species that is not native to a habitat and can out-compete native species in an ecosystem such as python snakes in the florida everglades
cell
the basic unit of structure and function of all living things
unicellular
1 celled
multicellular
may celled
What are some similaries of all organisms
they all contain similar chemcials and use energy
they all respond to their environment
the all grow, develop and reproduce
how do cells get energy
within cells chemical reactions breakdown materials to get energy
response to the environment, what is stimulus
a signal
response to the environment, what is response
a reaction
what does growth mean
to get bigger
what does development mean
a change that leads to maturity
as orgnsims grow and develop what do they use
energy
asexual reproduction
intical offspring, only one parent
sexual reproduction
tw parents combine their DNA to create offspring
spontaneous generation
the idea that living things came from nonliving things, but this has been disproved, life can only come from other life
what 4 things do all living things need
food
water
space
homeostatis or internal balance
taxonomy
the science of classifying organsims
name the taxonomies
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family , genus, species
binomial nomenclature
the scientific name is always the genus and species for example humans is HOMOsapiens
rules of nomenclature
names must be either underlined or italicized
genus capticalied, species is lowercase
can be abbreviated such as F. leo
what are the three groups of domans
domain Eukarya, domain Bacteria and domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
includes organisms composed of eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, funi, protists)
Domain Bacteria
includes all prokarytoci cells, Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain Archaea
includes only “ancient” bacteria, Archaebacteria
what 4 things make up a plant structure
leaf, stem, roots, cell walls
leaf
the leaf is an organ of a plant that is specialize for photozynthesis
stem
the stem is the main structure that supports leaves and flowers
roots
the roots of a plant grow underground
cell walls
plants have thick cell walls to provide support and structure
vascular plant
these plants have specific tissue that help to move materials such as water through the plants
phloem vascular tisue plant
food travels through the phloem
xylem vasular tissue plant
water and minerals travel through the xylem
nonvascular plant
these are low growing smaller plants, such as mosses, that use diffusion and osmosis to move material through the plant
Kingdom Animalia (animal) characteristics
multicellular, Eukaryote
nutrition:; Heterotrophic
movement: most can move
no cell walls, they have cell membranes
classified based on wehter or not they have backbone
what percentage of animals do not have a backbone
95 percent
what percentage of animals do have a backbone
5 percent
vertebrates
animals with a backbone
invertabrates
animals without a backbone
what are the 6 main groups of invertebrates
spones
cnidarians
worms
mollusks
arthropods
echinoderms
descibe sponges
they are asymmetrical invertebrates
they have spcialized cells but no tissues or organs
describe cnidarians
invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity
have radial symetry
although they lack organs, they do have some tissues
examples are jellyfish and corals
describe worms
all worms have bilateral symmetry
they all have tissues, organs, and organ systems
three major phyla of worms are flatworms, roundworms and segmented worms (simplest animals with a brain)
describe mollusks
invertibrates with soft, un-segmented boies that rae often protected by a hard shell
all have a thin layers of tissue called a mantle that covers their internal organs and an organ called a foot
what are three major groups of mollusks
gastrodpods (snails)
bivalves (clam)
cephlapods (squid)
in Mollusks what is a foot used for
crawling, digging and catching prey
describe arthropods
invertebrates that have hard outer coverings, segmented bodies, and paris of jointed appendages
the out covering is called an exoskeleton
they are the largest phylum in the animal kindome (insects)
describe echinoderms
an invertebrate that has an internal skeleton called an endoskeleton
echinoderms have radial symmetry
has a system of fluid-filld tubes to move and obtain food and oxygen (starfish, urchins)
what are 5 major animal groups that have vertebrates
fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, mammal
describe fish
their temperature is determined by the temperature of its environment
lives in water and has fins
most are ecotherms - they have scales and obtain oxygen through gills
true or false fish make up the largest part of vertebrates
TRUE
describe amphibians
vertebrate whose body temperature is determined by the temperature of its environment
lives its early life in water and its adult life on land
are ectothermic and examples are frogs, toads
what does the word amphibians literally mean
double life
describe reptile
a vertebrate whoe temperature is determined by the temperature of tis environment
has lungs and scaly skin
lays eggs on land
some live in water but breathe air examles are snakes, turtles, allegators
describe bird
vertebrate whose body temperature is regulated by its internal heat
lays eggs
has feathers and a four chambered heart
have wings and are lightweight, nearly hollow bones and are adopted to flight
describe mammal
vertebrate whose body temperature is regulated by its internal heat
has skin covered with ahir or fur
glands that produce milk to feed young
examples are humans, dogs, horses
Monotremes Mammal
lays eggs example platypus
Marsupial mammals
born at an early stage of development, and usually continue to develop in a pouch (kangaroo)
Plaental mammals
develops inside its mother’s body until tis body systems can function independently (humans)
ectotherm
an animal whose body temperature is determined by the temperature of its environment
endotherm
an animal whose body temperature is regulated by the internal heat the animal produces, producing fairly constant temperatures.
What are 5 adaptations for movement
Wings
fins
fube feet
muscular foot
jet propulsion
what is radial symmetry
a body plan in which any number of imaginary lines pass through a central point divide the animal into two missor images (starfish)
what is bilateral symmetry
a single imaginary line divides the body ito left and riht sides that are mirror images of each other (butterfly)
what is asymmetrical symmetry
animals without any symmerty (sponge)
organs
a structure composed of different kinds of tisues that work together
tissue
groups of similar cells that perform a specific function
organ system
a group of organs that work together to perform a function
What is an organism comprised of
cells to tissues to organs to organ system to organism
Skeletal system
made up of bones, ligaments, and tendons
it supports the overall structure of the body and protects the organs
muscular system
works closely with the skeletal system
muscles help the obdy to move and interact with the world
ciculatory system
helps deliver nutrients throughout the body
consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels
digestive system
used to convert food into nutrients and energy for the body
some of the organs included are stomach, small and large intestine, pancreas
nervous system
helps the body to communicate and allows the brain to control various functions of the body
includes the brain, spinal courd and large network of nerves
respiratory system
brings oxygen into the body through the lunds and windpipe
it also removes cabron dioxide from the body
Endocrine system
produces hormones that help regulate the other sytems in the body
it includes the pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid and pituitary
urinary system
uses the kidneys to filer the blood and eliminate waste
it includes the kidneys, bladder and urethra
immune system
protects the body from diseases
reproductive system
includes the organs that enable people to have babies. This system is different for males and females
integumentary system
helps protect the body from the outside world.
Includes skin, hair and nails
how does your body control body functions
the nervous system controls the body in 2 ways: electrical signals from nerves and chemcila signals from the endocrine system
how does the body transport materials
blood vessles from the circulatory system carry nutrients to and waste from the cells in the body
how does the body handle stimulus and response
your sense (eyes, ears, skinn, and nose and state buds all send information about your environment to your nervous system
what is stimulus
any detectable change in the environment
what is a response
an action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus
what are glands
an organ that produces and releases chemicals either through ducts or into the bloodstream
what are hormones
a chemical that affects growth and development
homeostasis
the condition in which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment
what is stress
the reaction of a person’s body to potentially threatening, challenging or disturbing events
what are negative outcomes of stress
lead to depression, headaches, digestion problems, heart problems
can disrupts homeostasis and weaken ability to fight disease
How can you maintain homeostasis
regulate temperature
keeping balance
meeting energy needs
mainatining water blanance
managing stress
What are the 5 major functions of the skeletal system
provides shape and support
enables you to move
protects your lungs
produces blood cells
stores minerals
what are tendons
part of skeletal system they connect muscles to bones
what are ligaments
part of skeletal system they connect bones to bones
what is cartilage
a strong flexible connective tisue that is found in various parts fo the body, including the joints, the outer ear and the tip of your noce
immovable joints
connect bones but allow little or no movement (skull)
moveable joints
allow the body to make many different movements (elbow)
ball and socket joint
allows the greatest range of motion (shouler or hip)
pivot joint
allows one bone to rotate around another base (neck)
hinge joint
allow forward or backward motion (elbow)
gliding joint
allows onebone to slide over another (ankle, wrist)
long bone
long thin shape
short bone
has a squat cubed shape
flat bone
has a flattened, broad surface
irregular bone
has a shape that does not conform to regular bones
what are characteristics of bones
they are complex living structures that grow, develop, and repair themselves. They are strong and lightweight.
Compact bone
hard and dense
spongy bone
lightwieght, full of small spaces that contain marrow (soft connective tissue that fills the internal spaces in bones)
yellow bone marrow
made up of mostly fat cells
red bone marrow
important because this is where our body produces red and white blood cells
How many muscles are in the human body
there are over 650 muscles
where are muscles located
they are under our skin and cover our bones
skeletal muscles
these are muscles we use to move around. They cover our skeleton and move our bones. The muscles are voluntary ( we control them directly with signals from our brain).
smooth muscles
muscles that don’t conect to bones but control organs ithin out body. These are involuntary (they work without us thinking about them)
cardiac muscle
this is a special muscle that pumps our heart and blood through our body and it is involuntary
how do muscles work
muscles work by contracting and relaxing
Be able to identify these muscles on the human body
sternocleidomastoides
deltoids
pectorals
intercostals
biceps
triceps
latissimus dorsi
quadriceps
hamstrings
gastrocnemius
Be able to identify these bones on the humand body
Cranium
Maxilla
Mandible
clavicle
scapula
ribs
sternum
humerus
vertebrae
pelvis
ulna
radius
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges (hand)
femur
patella
fibula
tibia
Tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges (feet)
