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Anatomy And Physiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable joint

Eg skull sutures

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2
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely movable joint

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3
Q

Sprain

A

Ligaments are stretched, torn, slow to heal due to lack of blood supply

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4
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contractile( can shorten)
Extensible (can be stretched)
Elastic ( can recoil to original length)

Functions: movement
Posture
Stabilises joints

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated, Voluntary, rapid but tires

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6
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated, involuntary, with branched fibres, and intercalated disks. Cardiac muscle is only found within the heart

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7
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Doesn’t have striations or bands, is involuntary, with cylindrical fibres, which undergo continuous slow contractions

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8
Q

Origin

A

Less movable bone

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9
Q

Instertion

A

More movable bone

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10
Q

Contraction

A

Actin and myosin slide past each other

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11
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction cycle

A
  1. Ca exposes binding site
  2. Myosin cross bridge attaches to actin
  3. Powerstroke, slide past
  4. Myosin cross bridge detached due to ATP
  5. Myosin head “cocked” by ATP
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12
Q

Depolarisation

A

Reduction

Membrane is less negative, -79 to -40 mv

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13
Q

Hypetpolarisation

A

Increase

Membrane is more negative, -70 to -80 mv

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14
Q

Action potential

A

Axon generates it by opening and closing gates for ions. Allowing Na and K to move through the membrane, changing its charge

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15
Q

Left brain

A

Controls language, logic and maths

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16
Q

Right side of brain

A

Controls intuition, emotion, creative

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17
Q

Thalamus

A

Sorts/ edits sensory information

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18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Connects directly to pituitary. Homeostasis and endocrine control.

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19
Q

Midbrain

A

Connections cerebrum/ cerebellum

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20
Q

Pons

A

A relay between cerebellum and motor cortex, contains the respiratory centre

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21
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Vital control areas for key systems such as cardiovascular centre, respiratory centre

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22
Q

Cerebellum

A

Influenced the pattern and timing of muscle contraction via subconscious to make smooth fluid movements

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23
Q

Central nervous system

A

Comprises brain and spinal cord

It’s functions is integration and command centre

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24
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A

Form 83% of the brain mass: they are made of gyri (folds) and sulci (grooves)

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25
Q

The endocrine system

A

Uses glands that secrete directly to interstitial fluid or blood stream
Is a control or regulatory system

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26
Q

What endocrine system can regulate

A
  • cellular metabolism and energy balance
  • body fluid and ion(electrolyte) concentrations and nutrients
  • cellular and body growth and development
  • immune system and body defense
  • reproduction
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27
Q

Where to find endocrine glands

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal

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28
Q

Where to find endocrine tissues

A

Pancreas, gonads and hypothalamus

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29
Q

Hormones

A

Are chemical messengers
Either amino-acid based hormones(need second messengers to get through cell membrane) or steroids ( diffuse through cell membrane)lipid

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30
Q

Hormones are very specific

A

They are targeted to bind to specific protein receptors

If the cell hasn’t got a receptor, no matter how much hormone is present, no action will occur.

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31
Q

Endocrine glands can be stimulated in three ways

A

Humoral- by changes in blood levels of a nutrient

Neural- by nerve fibres directly

Hormonal- by other hormones to stimulate release of hormone

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32
Q

Right side pump of heart

A

Venous blood from body and heart to the lungs ( deoxygenated)

33
Q

Left side pump of heart

A

Oxygenated blood from lungs to body and heart

34
Q

Left atrium

A

Blood from lungs via pulmonary veins

35
Q

Right atrium

A

Blood from body via superior and inferior vena cavae

36
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pumps blood to body via the aorta

37
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk

38
Q

Valves

A

Guide blood flow through the heart in one direction

39
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Control blood from the atrium into the ventricle for each side

40
Q

Pathway of blood through the heart

A

Entry: venous blood enters the right atrium ( from vena cavae)

Exit: blood fills the right ventricle and is pumped by the pulmonary trunk to the lungs

Entry: after oxygenation in lung, blood returns to the heart(left atrium) by pulmonary veins.

Exit: left atrium fills the left ventricle the oxygenated blood leaves the heart via the aorta.

41
Q

Benefits of aerobic exercise

A

Improve oxygen delivery and utilisation ( more capillaries, more efficient fibres due to more mitochondria, myoglobin and oxidative enzymes)

42
Q

The wall of the stomach contains

A

Parietal cells which secrete HCI ( 100,00x more acidic than blood)

Chief cells which secrete pepsinogen, to digest protein

43
Q

Small intestines

A

Main role is absorption
Secreted alkaline mucus to neutralise stomach acid

Enzymes complete carbohydrate and protein digestion

44
Q

Pancreas

A

Is two glands in one and secretes digestive enzymes

45
Q

Large intestines

A

Mainly for water absorbtion

46
Q

Nutrient rich blood from intestines

A

Nutrient rich blood is directed directly to the liver for filtering and processing

47
Q

Liver

A

Functions: carb storage and release, protein syntheses and detoxification

Blood from portal vein inflows to liver to deliver nutrients direct from gut

48
Q

Nutrient

A

Chemical substance that provides nourishment for the body (metabolic processes)

49
Q

Essential nutrients

A

Something the body needs but can’t make itself

50
Q

Metabolism

A

Biochemical reaction inside cells

51
Q

Catabolism

A

Metabolic reactions inducing substance breakdown

52
Q

Anabolism

A

Metabolic reactions inducing substance build up

53
Q

Carbs

A

Sourced from plants in diet( vegetables, fruit and grain)

Provides glucose and simple sugars for energy and fibre

54
Q

Lipids

A

Source from animal products ( meat, eggs dairy) and oils

Use for absorbing fat soluble vitamins feel for liver and skeletal muscle, energy store

55
Q

Protein

A

Mainly from animal sources but the legumes, nuts and cereals can also provide.
Use for making body tissues and signs, can’t synthesise essential amino acids so need to ingest them.

56
Q

Vitamins

A

Most act as co-enzymes which assist enzymes to act as catalysts. A DEK of fat-soluble and B and C are water-soluble.

57
Q

Minerals

A

Calcium phosphorus potassium sulfur sodium chlorine magnesium are needed in moderate amounts.

58
Q

What is the importance of maintaining glucose availability for ATP production

A

Glucose availability is regulated by insulin and glucagon hormones (made in pancreas) as ATP can’t be stored

59
Q

Body fluid

A

Controlled by kidneys in combination with hormones and it neural controls

60
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Inside cells- cytoplasms

61
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Outside cells- spaces between cells

62
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

Form plasma cells to make antibodies and form memory cells

63
Q

Antibodies

A

Immobilise antigens for destruction

64
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytise/ eat foreign materials and “activate” T-lymphocytes

65
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

Manage immune response, some direct attach of infected cells

66
Q

Regulatory T-lymphocytes

A

Turn off immune response ( prevent over response) t

67
Q

Phagocytes

A

Gobble or ear foreign cells/materials

68
Q

Antigens

A

Are chemical (proteins) that are recognised as ‘non self’

69
Q

External Nonspecific (innate) immunity

A

Acts irrespective of invading substance
Skin- barrier against weak acids/ based, bacterial enzymes.
Mucous-(lines all cavities that connect to external body surfaces)

70
Q

Internal nonspecific (innate) immunity

A

Phagocytes eat invaders
Kill cells
Inflammation- prevents spread of antigens, destroys pathogens

71
Q

Specific (adaptive) defences

A 
Recognises and only acts against specific pathogens or immunological substances
Has memory ( increase responses on reactivation)
72
Q

Hypothalamus in male reproductive systems

A

Secretes GnRH

GnRH stimulates secretion of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

FSH stimulates testis to increase speed number

LH stimulates leydig cells to make testosterone

73
Q

Action potential

A
  1. All gated k+ and Na+ channels closed
  2. Depolarisation: Na+ flows in
  3. Depolarisation: Na+ channels close, K+ channel open
  4. Undershoot ( too many K+ lost)
74
Q

Pre central gyrus

A

Location of primary motor cortex

75
Q

Post-central gyrus

A

Location of the primary sensory cortex

76
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Surrounds brain and permits it to float.

Is made in choroid plexuses and drained by arachnoid villi

77
Q

Motor nerve in spine

A

Ventral/ anterior horn

Grey matter

78
Q

Cell body of sensory nerve in spine

A

In dorsal root ganglion

Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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