Final Exam Flashcards
Effective contact to reducing discrimination:
- Must interact as equal status participants
- Contact should be supported by authorities
- Contact should be at an individual person to person level
- Contact should be cooperative
- Contact should be rewarded
- Members of the negatively stereotyped groups needs to be behaviorally disconfirming the stereotypes
Stereotype threat
concern that ones actions will confirm negative stereotypes held of ones group.
Self-concept threat
fear of seeing oneself as actually possessing the negative stereotype trait.
Group concept threat
fear of seeings one group as possessing the negative stereotype trait
Own-reputation threat
fear of being judged or treated poorly by others because they may see one as being negatively stereotypical
Group-reputation threat
fear of reinforcing negative stereotypes about ones group in the mind of others.
How does stereotype threat contribute to performance?
Increases arousal of negative thoughts, depletes working memory, and distracts from task at hand, increases anxiety.
Interpersonal self-fulfilling prophecy:
When a person (target) behaves in ways consistent with another persons (perceiver) initial inaccurate expectations
Process of self-fulfilling prophecy
perceiver expectations -> perceiver expectation consistent behaviors -> target behavior consistent with perceiver expectations
threat management approach model
cues to threat -> perception of threat -> prejudice syndrome
realistic conflict group approach
competition over scarce resources lead to prejudices and discrimination
why are new immigrant groups so readily discriminated against?
threat management: disgust/carry diseases. in-group/out-group: they’re the out-group and increase competition over space, resources, and jobs, etc.
why do prejudices against immigrant groups decrease over time?
in-group/out-group threat becomes decreased, integration of groups begins,
Why do people possess stereotypes with the life history theory:
sex and age interactions influence how people allocate their efforts and resources. the strategies they use have affordance implications for those around them.
sex/age stereotypes:
peoples stereotypes of males and females are different depending on their age
example of sex/age stereotypes:
young man in their twenties are perceived as more competitive than women and this decreases as they get older
Why do people hold sex/age stereotypes?
sex and age interactions shape peoples strategies and these strategies explain their motivations
Why do people hold sex/age stereotypes?
sex and age interactions shape peoples strategies and these strategies explain their motivations/affordance management
directed stereotype example
men are more competitive towards younger men
desperate ecologies features
high mortality rate, scarce and unpredictable resources, less parenting, more mating and faster reproduction, more offspring
hopeful ecologies features
sufficient and predictable resources, low mortality rate, slow resource acquisition, slower and more careful reproduction and mating, less offspring
Why do people hold different ecology stereotypes for immigrants?
White immigrants appear to come from hopeful ecologies, and black immigrants appear to come from desperate ecologies. Because of this, the split of races will go to their perceived ecology.
relative deprivation
because I have been deprived in the past by a particular group, its only fair that i get more than that group now.
the reason my group has more than your group is because you at one point took things away from us so we are taking it back.
moral superiority
because we are morally superior, whatever we do is okay. Our moral superiority makes our actions fair.
social dominance theory
belief of extent to which hierarchies just are and are a way of life, inherent, in nature. Strong triumph over the weak. Survival of the fittest beliefs.
social identity theory:
people desire to have positive self esteem
why do we use the SIT to develop negative stereotypes:
to make ourselves feel better, we differentiate between groups. we homogenize outgroups and heterogenous our ingroups in a way that see our membership to a ingroup as positive. Holding these negative stereotypes or prejudices can effectively boost our self esteem.
stereotyping
process of identifying an individual as being a member of a group and then inferring that he/she possesses the characteristics associated with that group
Cognitive mental efficiency
people have limited cognitive capacity, too little to process all the info we encounter. therefore, we use shortcuts to process data more rapidly.
What are the three features of mental efficiency?
1) Rapid, 2) not require intention, 3) use minimal cognitive resources
Upon categorizing an individual, what info do we notice? what info do we pay special attention to?
we notice stereotype consistent and inconsistent information. we pay special attention to info that is stereotype inconsistent.
What behaviors are we likely to remember?
stereotype inconsistent, but we might not remember them as being inconsistent because of a bias to find stereotype consistent interpretations of behaviors
why might religion influence religion and discrimination?
my groups morals are better and more “moral” than yours, therefore anything we do is more moral.
Religion: By definition, I’m choosing the best one. The idea of moral superiority. “I’m superior because of my beliefs”
stereotype
generalized belief about a group and its members
stereotyping
process of applying group stereotypes to individual members of the group
discrimination
behaviors directed at an individual or group of individuals because of their group membership
traditional definition of prejudice
feeling (positive or negative) one has toward a group and its members
Evolutionary perspective, what is the fundamental goal of humans
pass on genes into subsequent generations
What “fundamental goals” do humans typically pursue in order to achieve evolutionary perspective goal?
self protect, disease avoidance, resource acquisition, seek status, acquire mates, have offspring
Threat management system diagram
perception of threat implying cues -> perception of threat -> response syndrome
Using the threat management template, why do we have prejudice and discriminate toward people differently?
Prejudices -> how we feel about groups (pos/neg)
Discrimination -> how we behave
These are used to view threats or opportunities and impact how we feel and then ultimately behave
What personality traits increase threat management?
Vulnerability to a certain threat will increase prejudice and situations with higher vulnerability will increase discrimination of how person with vulnerability will act.
Ultra sociality:
enduring, highly interdependent, cooperative alliances among groups of individuals (EHICAAGOI)
Ultra sociality and free riders?
free riders threaten group integrity. group benefit is then diminished.
Ingroup/outgroup approach to heterosexual prejudice against homosexuals:
we prefer ingroup members to outgroup members
Gender norm violation approach to heterosexual prejudice against homosexuals:
stigmatize those who violate gender norms. gay men especially violate gender norms, therefore higher stigmatize
Contagion/contamination approach to heterosexual prejudice against homosexuals:
view that homosexuals carry pathogens, and leads to perceived threat to to avoid any contamination
sexual identity theory to heterosexual prejudice against homosexuals:
heterosexual’s insecure about own sexuality leads them to higher stigmatize homosexuals as an effort to reaffirm own sexuality.
unwanted sexual interests approach to heterosexual prejudice against homosexuals:
perceived threat and avoidance of unwanted sexual advances
