Final Exam

Question 1

Effective contact to reducing discrimination:

Answer 1

1. Must interact as equal status participants
2. Contact should be supported by authorities
3. Contact should be at an individual person to person level
4. Contact should be cooperative
5. Contact should be rewarded
6. Members of the negatively stereotyped groups needs to be behaviorally disconfirming the stereotypes

Question 2

Stereotype threat

Answer 2

concern that ones actions will confirm negative stereotypes held of ones group.

Question 3

Self-concept threat

Answer 3

fear of seeing oneself as actually possessing the negative stereotype trait.

Question 4

Group concept threat

Answer 4

fear of seeings one group as possessing the negative stereotype trait

Question 5

Own-reputation threat

Answer 5

fear of being judged or treated poorly by others because they may see one as being negatively stereotypical

Question 6

Group-reputation threat

Answer 6

fear of reinforcing negative stereotypes about ones group in the mind of others.

Question 7

How does stereotype threat contribute to performance?

Answer 7

Increases arousal of negative thoughts, depletes working memory, and distracts from task at hand, increases anxiety.

Question 8

Interpersonal self-fulfilling prophecy:

Answer 8

When a person (target) behaves in ways consistent with another persons (perceiver) initial inaccurate expectations

Question 9

Process of self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 9

perceiver expectations -> perceiver expectation consistent behaviors -> target behavior consistent with perceiver expectations

Question 10

threat management approach model

Answer 10

cues to threat -> perception of threat -> prejudice syndrome

Question 11

realistic conflict group approach

Answer 11

competition over scarce resources lead to prejudices and discrimination

Question 12

why are new immigrant groups so readily discriminated against?

Answer 12

threat management: disgust/carry diseases. in-group/out-group: they’re the out-group and increase competition over space, resources, and jobs, etc.

Question 13

why do prejudices against immigrant groups decrease over time?

Answer 13

in-group/out-group threat becomes decreased, integration of groups begins,

Question 14

Why do people possess stereotypes with the life history theory:

Answer 14

sex and age interactions influence how people allocate their efforts and resources. the strategies they use have affordance implications for those around them.

Question 15

sex/age stereotypes:

Answer 15

peoples stereotypes of males and females are different depending on their age

Question 16

example of sex/age stereotypes:

Answer 16

young man in their twenties are perceived as more competitive than women and this decreases as they get older

Question 17

Why do people hold sex/age stereotypes?

Answer 17

sex and age interactions shape peoples strategies and these strategies explain their motivations

Question 18

Why do people hold sex/age stereotypes?

Answer 18

sex and age interactions shape peoples strategies and these strategies explain their motivations/affordance management

Question 19

directed stereotype example

Answer 19

men are more competitive towards younger men

Question 20

desperate ecologies features

Answer 20

high mortality rate, scarce and unpredictable resources, less parenting, more mating and faster reproduction, more offspring

Question 21

hopeful ecologies features

Answer 21

sufficient and predictable resources, low mortality rate, slow resource acquisition, slower and more careful reproduction and mating, less offspring

Question 22

Why do people hold different ecology stereotypes for immigrants?

Answer 22

White immigrants appear to come from hopeful ecologies, and black immigrants appear to come from desperate ecologies. Because of this, the split of races will go to their perceived ecology.

Question 23

relative deprivation

Answer 23

because I have been deprived in the past by a particular group, its only fair that i get more than that group now.

the reason my group has more than your group is because you at one point took things away from us so we are taking it back.

Question 24

moral superiority

Answer 24

because we are morally superior, whatever we do is okay. Our moral superiority makes our actions fair.

Question 25

social dominance theory

Answer 25

belief of extent to which hierarchies just are and are a way of life, inherent, in nature. Strong triumph over the weak. Survival of the fittest beliefs.

Question 26

social identity theory:

Answer 26

people desire to have positive self esteem

Question 27

why do we use the SIT to develop negative stereotypes:

Answer 27

to make ourselves feel better, we differentiate between groups. we homogenize outgroups and heterogenous our ingroups in a way that see our membership to a ingroup as positive. Holding these negative stereotypes or prejudices can effectively boost our self esteem.

Question 28

stereotyping

Answer 28

process of identifying an individual as being a member of a group and then inferring that he/she possesses the characteristics associated with that group

Question 29

Cognitive mental efficiency

Answer 29

people have limited cognitive capacity, too little to process all the info we encounter. therefore, we use shortcuts to process data more rapidly.

Question 30

What are the three features of mental efficiency?

Answer 30

1) Rapid, 2) not require intention, 3) use minimal cognitive resources

Question 31

Upon categorizing an individual, what info do we notice? what info do we pay special attention to?

Answer 31

we notice stereotype consistent and inconsistent information. we pay special attention to info that is stereotype inconsistent.

Question 32

What behaviors are we likely to remember?

Answer 32

stereotype inconsistent, but we might not remember them as being inconsistent because of a bias to find stereotype consistent interpretations of behaviors

Question 33

why might religion influence religion and discrimination?

Answer 33

my groups morals are better and more “moral” than yours, therefore anything we do is more moral.
Religion: By definition, I’m choosing the best one. The idea of moral superiority. “I’m superior because of my beliefs”

Question 34

stereotype

Answer 34

generalized belief about a group and its members

Question 35

stereotyping

Answer 35

process of applying group stereotypes to individual members of the group

Question 36

discrimination

Answer 36

behaviors directed at an individual or group of individuals because of their group membership

Question 37

traditional definition of prejudice

Answer 37

feeling (positive or negative) one has toward a group and its members

Question 38

Evolutionary perspective, what is the fundamental goal of humans

Answer 38

pass on genes into subsequent generations

Question 39

What “fundamental goals” do humans typically pursue in order to achieve evolutionary perspective goal?

Answer 39

self protect, disease avoidance, resource acquisition, seek status, acquire mates, have offspring

Question 40

Threat management system diagram

Answer 40

perception of threat implying cues -> perception of threat -> response syndrome

Question 41

Using the threat management template, why do we have prejudice and discriminate toward people differently?

Answer 41

Prejudices -> how we feel about groups (pos/neg)
Discrimination -> how we behave
These are used to view threats or opportunities and impact how we feel and then ultimately behave

Question 42

What personality traits increase threat management?

Answer 42

Vulnerability to a certain threat will increase prejudice and situations with higher vulnerability will increase discrimination of how person with vulnerability will act.

Question 43

Ultra sociality:

Answer 43

enduring, highly interdependent, cooperative alliances among groups of individuals (EHICAAGOI)

Question 44

Ultra sociality and free riders?

Answer 44

free riders threaten group integrity. group benefit is then diminished.

Question 45

Ingroup/outgroup approach to heterosexual prejudice against homosexuals:

Answer 45

we prefer ingroup members to outgroup members

Question 46

Gender norm violation approach to heterosexual prejudice against homosexuals:

Answer 46

stigmatize those who violate gender norms. gay men especially violate gender norms, therefore higher stigmatize

Question 47

Contagion/contamination approach to heterosexual prejudice against homosexuals:

Answer 47

view that homosexuals carry pathogens, and leads to perceived threat to to avoid any contamination

Question 48

sexual identity theory to heterosexual prejudice against homosexuals:

Answer 48

heterosexual’s insecure about own sexuality leads them to higher stigmatize homosexuals as an effort to reaffirm own sexuality.

Question 49

unwanted sexual interests approach to heterosexual prejudice against homosexuals:

Answer 49

perceived threat and avoidance of unwanted sexual advances