Exam 1 Flashcards
For the benefits of ultra-sociality to exceeds its costs we must have:
have mechanisms to 1. attune ourselves to features of others that would characterize them as threats, 2. lead us to respond to these perceived threats in ways that could mitigate or eliminate them.
enduring (multiple and long term, relationship forming) highly interdependent cooperative (repeated, interconnected) alliances among groups of individuals.
Ultra-sociality
3 components to natural selection:
- needs to be some type of genetic variation/characteristics (that predator/people/etc. can act on).
- Some of these variations fit/work better within local ecology/environment than others.
- These variations are genetically parable.
Inclusive fitness:
genes in similar groups are the same/similar. The extent to which your genes exist in other people.
Naturalistic fallacy:
not all things that are natural are good.
“Adaptive” means:
provides benefit
feeling one has towards a group or its members. (feelings)
prejudice
prejudice
feeling one has towards a group or its members. (feelings)
belief(s)/(expectations from interactions) that we may have towards a group and/or its members (beliefs)
stereotype
stereotype
belief(s)/(expectations from interactions) that we may have towards a group and/or its members (beliefs)
Applying the beliefs, we have about groups to individuals. OR Application of stereotypes of a group to an individual.
stereotyping
stereotyping
Applying the beliefs, we have about groups to individuals. OR Application of stereotypes of a group to an individual.
the ability of an individual organism to pass on its genes to the next generation, taking into account the shared genes passed on by the organism’s close kin/ extent to which genes are shared in the population
inclusive fitness
the most advantageous/best suited characteristics (genes) in a species are passed down, producing more of these genes in the population
natural selection
- Needs to have genetic variation in some characteristics that is observable and that can acted on
- Variations (mutations) are more successful/work better within the long-lasting ecology/environment than others = selective advantage
- Variations are genetically heritable (being able to be passed down to offspring)
Factors needed for natural selection
Behaviors someone commits towards groups and their members.
Discrimination
discrimination
Behaviors someone commits towards groups and their members.
_________________ is when there is discrimination built directly into a system
Institutional discrimination
a general term that covers discrimination in whole forms
“isms”
Perception of a threat ________
implying a cue
Perception of ________
a threat
response ________
syndrome
Steps of management template:
perception of cues that imply a threat > perception of threat > response syndrome
behaviors directed a group or its members because of the group membership.
discrimination
when there is a set of rules to how you’re supposed to behave (example: going in to apply for a job and the employee has a set of rules to follow and the interviewee has a certain set of rules they have to follow).
Formal behavior
advantages to methods of measuring:
extreme access to info compared to other methods, inexpensive
disadvantages to methods of measuring:
social norm influence, do not want negative outlook/perception
Affordance management view:
evaluating opportunities and threats, figuring out how to exploit and manage them
Ambivalence:
conflicted feeling and a stronger as 1. each of the two components are held more strongly. and 2. the components are held more equally.
Positive ambivalence view:
refugees who travel a long time: admiration/respect and sympathy. Example: blind girl who used to catch the bus that he would watch her get there.
Negative ambivalence view:
Example: anger and disgust ambivalence- refugee’s because anger makes you want to approach and disgust makes you want to retreat.
__________ do not have an emotion attached to it, almost like it is a fact.
base stereotypes
Threat emotions:
fear (physical safety), disgust (harmful to health. example: gay men vs. Mexican American), anger (to deal with perceived unfair obstacles, leads you to approach/fight/remove obstacle. example: higher anger prejudices against Mexican American because “they’re taking our jobs”)
Ultra-sociality
enduring (multiple and long term, relationship forming) highly interdependent cooperative (repeated, interconnected) alliances among groups of individuals.
enduring (multiple and long term, relationship forming) highly interdependent cooperative (repeated, interconnected) alliances among groups of individuals.
ultra-sociality
Benefits of ultra-sociality
increase access to resource, cooperatively parenting, defend, adaptation for individuals to have successful living
Costs of ultra-sociality
resources might be exhaust quicker, spread of disease, interpersonal/group conflict, increased competition, free-rider
Benefits of ultra-sociality to exceed its costs:
For the benefits of ultra-sociality to exceeds its costs we must have mechanisms to 1. attune ourselves to features of others that would characterize them as threats, 2. lead us to respond to these perceived threats in ways that could mitigate or eliminate them.
What does a group need to be successful? And what causes interference to success?
trust, communication, reliability, organization, a system for exchange (sharing, etc.), socialization, set of shared/common values. Threats to these interfere with success.
Functional projection:
seeing angry facial expressions (even though neutral faces pictured) on outgroup members
Study on IAT in a dark room, black young males, and Arabic young males:
more likely to perceived threat=vulnerable individuals and those that took it in the dark. A dark room has a large impact on perceived threat even if a person does not validate it.
Pathogen-avoidance based prejudice
a. Disgust
b. Lack of symmetry is an indicator for disease
c. Plump babies=good, plump adults=bad, women who carry it one way=okay vs who carry it in their gut=bad
d. Subjective prejudice: foreigners that seem drastically different than us are seen as more pathogen/disgust based prejudice
Resource based prejudice
a. competition for jobs (Dr. N not feeling threat to Mexicans wanting to work at a restaurant because of no perceived threat), free loaders or free riders, someone stealing=great police prejudice and harsher punishment, Mexican workers taking your jobs= support the wall and stricter immigration policies, taking higher tech jobs= diff immigration policies
Graph on Asian-Americans and African-Americans and prejudice (general negativity)
i. Neutral: relatively the same
ii. Economic threat: higher in Asians than African
iii. Global warming threat: About the same.
Group-integrity based prejudices
a. Values based prejudices: same values strengthen autonomy, differing values takes this away and creates a battle against social rules
b. Values make a difference that they can control your life and/or reduce freedoms
c. Idea of “change the way we do things” example: two churches come to town one prophesizes/goes around and tries to convert and one keeps to themselves. The one that goes out is a threat.
d. Counter socializers are viewed as threats=disgust to those with differing values (moral disgust), counter socializing those who are vulnerable are a threat to changing values
e. Different types of economic threats
Sexual identity threat
i. Insecurity about one’s own sexuality leads people to stigmatize non-heterosexuals as a way of reaffirming one’s own heterosexuality
In-group/Outgroup explanation (Heterosexism)
Similar patterns of prejudice in data with hetero-men and women subjects viewing hetero targets, bisexual targets, homo targets
Why are heterosexuals prejudiced against non-heteros?
In-group/out-group explanations, gender violations, sexual identity threat, unwanted sexual interest, contamination/contagion/pathogens threat.
Self report advantages:
An individual knows more about how they feel than anyone else.
Self report disadvantages:
i. People may lie because they wish to save face instead of saying how they actually feel.
Physiological measurement method advantages:
Advantages:
Can measure heart rate, GSR (sweat), etc. to make inferences about prejudices
Physiological measurement method disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
- Must be aware of brain physiology & topography, i.e. what parts of the brain are working when someone is feeling prejudiced
- Hard to know which parts of the brain actually “light up” “activate” when measuring prejudices & what specific emotions are causing the brain to “light up”
Prejudice vs. prejudices:
When it comes to actually feelings of prejudice, it is challenging to keep it in the binary, because feelings of prejudice may be founded in different reasons (fear of immigrants, disgust by gays, etc.).
There are different kinds of prejudice and that’s why it makes sense to pluralize prejudice and not just use the singular as an umbrella to refer to any and all prejudices.
Prejudice vs. prejudices:
a. Prejudice is often seen as a spectrum of “positive/negative” or “good/bad”.
is a conflicted feeling and is stronger as (1) each of the two components are held more strongly and (2) each of the two components are held equally.
Ambivalence
An example of negative-negative ambivalence:
are refugees, because they may carry disease (or that is a fear) and are also coming in to “take our jobs”.
Positive-positive ambivalence:
exists for the example of refugees, because you may have sympathy for their plight and may also respect what they went through to get here.
The most important stereotypes
Those relating to threats and opportunities (affordance stereotypes)
How does an individual handle affordance? What impacts our affordances?
Whether you view that as a threat or an opportunity is where it leads to an affordance (your vulnerabilities will affect your affordance).
Talk about why humans discriminate:
When we talk about discrimination, we are talking about discriminatory actions as a means of separation, which minimizes a possible threat. So, if a group is posing an economic threat, we take action to stop them from getting jobs.
For the benefits of ultra-sociality to exceed its costs, you must have mechanisms to:
- Attune ourselves to features of others that we characterize them as threats.
- Lead us to respond to these perceived threats in ways that could mitigate or eliminate them.
Threat-Management: Perceive threats and opportunities through cues and respond accordingly. What is the model?
Perception of cues that imply threat>Perception of threat>Response Syndrome (cognitions, beliefs, emotions, behavioral inclinations)
Cues are subjective and based on ____________
vulnerabilities
Based on someone’s weaknesses, they may perceive different cues as threats or opportunities. This is known as:
An individuals vulnerabilities
General Out-group member prototypes:
We will perceive the prototypical outgroup members as a young(-ish) male who is strong and angry. We feel fear from the thoughts of this type of person. As well, out-group young men are seen as a threat.
Freudian Projection:
We feel fear based on the attributes of oneself seen of others.
Functional projection:
fundamental motives bias interpersonal projection (Maner et al., 2005).
we know what the average human looks like, but people who move in certain ways, or look certain ways, compared to our perception of the “average” can let us know if a pathogen is present.
Prototypicality
people will behave a certain way to stop themselves from getting sick (disgust: people may turn away, scrunch your face, general avoidance).
Behavioral immune system
Similar opinions can help you reach a goal, but differing values operate directly opposite to your goals, and if someone has different values, they can reduce your freedom by restricting your values. This is a type of:
Group-integrity based prejudice
What are sexual prejudices:
Prejudices based on sexual orientation. Usually negative.
Fear on gay/lesbian? Disgust on gay/lesbian?
b. Physical disgust tends to be put on gay men, but moral disgust is put on lesbians.
Sexual identity threat:
ii. Insecurity about one’s own sexuality leads people to stigmatize non-heterosexuals as a way of re-affirming one’s own sexuality.
Affordance management:
Prevent, detect, and minimize threats
Fundamental goals:
- Self-protection
- Disease avoidance
- acquire resources
- social affiliation
- gain status
- find mates
- retain mates
- rear offspring/aid kin
the ability of an INDIVIDUAL organism to pass on its genes to the next generation, taking into account the shared genes passed on by the organism’s close kin/ extent to which genes are shared in the population
inclusive fitness
the extent to which a SPECIES perpetuated genes into subsequent generations.
reproductive fitness
Group coalition:
in group/ out group
adapted:
past
adaptive:
present
adaption:
evolved
ambivalence must be:
must both be strong feelings and be equal in emotionally feeling
