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BI 338 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

All COPII vesicles interact with ____

A

Sec24

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2
Q

some intergral ER membrane proteins are targeted to _____ vesicles for transport to ____

A

COPII, Golgi

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3
Q

certain intergral ER membrane proteins also bind ___ proteins in the ____

A

cargo proteins, lumen

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4
Q

Microtubules act as “____ ____” for large aggregates of transport vesicles

A

railroad tracks

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5
Q

COPI vesicles have ___grade trasnport and transport from ___-____ to ______

A

retrograde transport; from cis-Golgi to rough ER

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6
Q

ER-resident proteins may assist in what?

A

folding and modification on newly synthesized secretory proteins

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7
Q

most ER-resident proteins contain ____ sorting sequene

A

KDEL

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8
Q

KDEL sorting sequence is located at the _-terminus

A

C-terminus

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9
Q

where do ER-resident proteins bind

A

to complex of COPI vesicles

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10
Q

The Di arganine sequence can also target what?

A

certain proteins to COPI vesicles

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11
Q

what is cisternal maturation

A

like an assembly line, proteins move in sequence through the compartments which each house different enzymes

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12
Q

cisternal maturation is responsible for ____grade transport

A

anterograde

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13
Q

anterograde trainsport is from __ - ___ golgi

A

cis tor trans Golgi

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14
Q

cis-Golgi protein ____ is fused to ___

A

Crg4, GFP

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15
Q

trans-Golgi protein ___ is fused to ___

A

Sec7, DsRed

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16
Q

Resting membrane potential depends largely on flow of what

A

K+ ions

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17
Q

What is the usual resting membrane potential

A

60-70 mV

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18
Q

simple diffusion rate is proportional to what

A

concentration gradient, hydrophobicity and size

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19
Q

post translational translocation ATP hydrolysis is required by what

A

BiP

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20
Q

Hsp70 has a similar function to what

A

BiP

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21
Q

Wht are adaptor protein complexes

A

determines which cargo proteins are in a vescile by binding cytosolic domains of membrane proteins

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22
Q

what are the cytoplasmic sorting signals in COPI vesicles

A

KKXX and di-arganine

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23
Q

what is the protein that assebles and disassembles COPI coat

A

ARF

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24
Q

What is the AP3 complex

A

vesicles that bud from trans-Golgi en route directly to the lysosome

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25
Q

T or F:the AP3 complex uses the ARF protein

A

T

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26
Q

What do clathrin coated vesicles do

A

AP1-vesicles that bud from trans-Glgi en route to late endosome

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27
Q

What does GGA do

A

buds from trans-golgi network to late endosome

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28
Q

What does AP2 do

A

buds from plasma membrane during endocytosis

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29
Q

What is the Sorting signal in clathrin coated vesicles

A

YXXo

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30
Q

What are the five destinations of Adaptor protein complexes

A

COPI vesicles, AP3 complex vesicles, Clathrin coated vesicles, constitutive secretory vesicles and regulated secretory vesicles

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31
Q

___ pinches off clathrin coated vesicles

A

dynamin

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32
Q

what do constitutive secretory vesicles do

A

transport secreted protein and plasma membrane proteins to plasma membrane

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33
Q

what do regulated secretory vesicles do

A

store and process secreted protein until signaled to fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete proteins

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34
Q

What are the two domains of polarized epithelial cells

A

Apical and basolateral

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35
Q

What is between apuical and basolateral membranes to prevent povement

A

tight junctions

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36
Q

how are apical and basolatreal bound membrane proteins sorted

A

initally transported together in trans-golgi network by COPII and cisternal maturation, sorted into transport vesicles with v-SNAREs and Rab proteins

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37
Q

Influenza glycoprotein only found on ___ membrane

A

apical

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38
Q

VSV G protein only found on ____ membrane

A

basolateral

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39
Q

what helps membrane proteins associate with clatharin adapter proteins

A

Tyrosine and di-leucin based motifs

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40
Q

proteins targeted to apical membrane often have ___ membrane anchor

A

GPI

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41
Q

what is transcytosis

A

apical proteins move in vesicles across the cell and fuse to apical membrane

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42
Q

what visualizes protein size and abundacne

A

SDS-PAGE

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43
Q

what is the ionic detergent in SDS PAGE

A

SDS

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44
Q

what is receptor mediated endocytosis

A

small vesicles invaginate from plasma membrane

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45
Q

what are the four types of lipoporteins

A

chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL and HDL

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46
Q

What do chylomicrons do

A

transport triglycerides from the diet

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47
Q

What do VLDLs do

A

transport triglycerides made by liver, cells remove triglycerides becoming LDL

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48
Q

What do LDLs do

A

less healthy, deliver cholesterol to tissues

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49
Q

what do HDLs do

A

return excess cholesterol from tissues back to liver

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50
Q

Receptors contain ______ taht target them for endocytosis

A

sorting signals

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51
Q

LDL receptors release ___ at low pH

A

apoB-100

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52
Q

HIgh plasma LDL leads to ___

A

disease

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53
Q

What is the transferrin receptor complex

A

functions to deliver iron to cells

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54
Q

waht is apotransferrin

A

no iron bound

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55
Q

what is ferotransferrin

A

full transferrin, two Fe3+ bound

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56
Q

waht is the transferrin receptor

A

binds ferrotransferrin and initiates endocytosis

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57
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

degrade extracellular materials taken up by the cell

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58
Q

Where do normal transport vesicles bud

A

outward from organelle membrane to the cytosol

59
Q

where do internal vesicles bud

A

inward from endosomal membrane to the lumen

60
Q

most cargo protein destined to enter a multi vesicular endosome are tagged with what?

A

a single ubiquitin molecule

61
Q

Retroviruses required ______ complexes to bud from plasma membrane

A

ESCRT

62
Q

What is the purpose of autophagy

A

serves to recycle macro molecules to serve as nutrients under stressful conditions

63
Q

how does autophagy work

A

envelopes a region of cytoplasm or organelle into double membarne for delivery to lysososme

64
Q

What is the most important key to supporting the needs of the cell

A

the cytoskeleton

65
Q

What are the three components of the cytolskeleton

A

microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments

66
Q

how is the cytoskeleton function regulated

A

cells sense extracellular signals and interpret them to direct arragement of the cytoskeleton

67
Q

What happens to the cytoskeleton in the abscence of extracellular signals

A

the cells do not become polarized, but the cytoskeleton stillforms

68
Q

What is the building block of microfilaments

A

actin

69
Q

T or F: microfilaments have reverible assembly

A

T

70
Q

What is actin

A

it is an abundant intracellular protein in eukaryotic cells

71
Q

What are the three different groups of actin

A

alpha beta an y actin

72
Q

What is alpha actin

A

for contractile sturctures

73
Q

waht is beta actin

A

cell cortex and leading edge of motile cells

74
Q

what is y actin

A

is on stress fibers

75
Q

Each actin molecule contains a ____ ion

A

Mg 2+

76
Q

What are the two forms of Actin

A

G-actin and F-actin

77
Q

Actin is a _____ase

A

ATPase

78
Q

What is G-actin

A

monomer separated by 2 lobes by a deep cleft, ATPase fold is the site of ATP and Mg binding, denatures quickly. addition of cations induces filament formation

79
Q

what is F-actin

A

subunits in actin fillaments arranged in helical strands wound around each other, ATP binding clefts all oriented towards - end. Each subunit contacts one above and one below

80
Q

The + end of microfilaments is favoured for the addion of what

A

actin subunits

81
Q

The - end of microfilaments is favoured for what

A

unit in disocciation; ATP binding cleft exposed to surrounding solution

82
Q

Where on the microfilament does Myosin attach

A

to the sides of microfilaments with a slight tilt

83
Q

T or F: actin binding proteins contribute to staiblity

A

T

84
Q

T or F: G-actin can be purified at low concentration

A

F: high

85
Q

what are the three steps in actin polymerization

A

Nucleation phase, Elongation phase and Steady State phase

86
Q

Filaments grow __x faster at + end than - end

A

10x

87
Q

When ATP-G-actin binds to the + end, what happens

A

ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi

88
Q

What are the three actin binding proteins

A

Profilin, cofilin and Tymosin-B4

89
Q

What des profilin do

A

helps nucleotide exchange so ATP actin is ready for the (+) end

90
Q

What does cofilin do

A

Specifically binds ADP-F-actin, fragemnts ADP-actin filament regions, enhancing depolymerization

91
Q

What does Thymosin-B4 do

A

provides a buffered reservoir of ATP-G_actin for polymerization

92
Q

What are the two capping proteins

A

CapZ and Tropomodulin

93
Q

what does CapZ do

A

blcoks assembly and disassebly, caps (+) end

94
Q

Waht does Tropomodulin do

A

binds (-) end, inhibits assembly and disassebly

95
Q

actin nucleating proteins are conducted by which two signal transduction pathways

A

Formin and Arp2/3 complex

96
Q

how is formin regulated

A

RBD binds to Rho-GTP, exposing FH2 to nucleate new filament, FH1 domain recruits profilin-ATP-G-actin
in active site is where FH2 domain inhbitied

97
Q

what is the Arp2/3 complex

A

seven subunites that nucleate assembly of branced actin, bust me activated by NPF

98
Q

Filaments grow at their (+) end until what?

A

capped by CapZ

99
Q

certain toxins affect actin by promoting ______ or ______ of filaments

A

depolymerization and polymerization

100
Q

What is needed to form filaments into bundles or networks

A

actin cross-linking proteins

101
Q

What is myosin?

A

actin-based motor protein

102
Q

what do mysoins do

A

move along actin filaments and convert energy from ATP hydrolysis to do work

103
Q

To or F: different myosins perform different functions

A

T

104
Q

what are the three types of Myosin

A

Myosin II, I and V

105
Q

what is myosin II

A

protein complex of six polypeptide subunits; 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

106
Q

what is myosin I

A

one single headed myosin, encoded by eight different human myosin genes

107
Q

what is myosin V

A

two head domains and six light chains per neck. encoded by three different myosin genes

108
Q

what do myosins use for coupling ATP hydrolysis

A

cross-bridge cycle

109
Q

how many profilaments in a microtubule

A

13

110
Q

what is the major protein in microtubules

A

tubulin

111
Q

what happens to GTP in alpha tubulin

A

is trapped and never hydrolyzed or released, exposed at - end

112
Q

what happens to GTP in beta tubulin

A

can be hydrolyzed to GDP and exchanged for free GTP, exposed at + end

113
Q

alpha tubulin contacts with alpha tubulin of neighbouring except at the _____

A

seam

114
Q

microtubules are assembled from specific sites called

A

mixeorubule organizing centers (MTOCs)

115
Q

Generally, the __ end stays anchored to the TMOC while the __ end stays away from it

A

-, +

116
Q

what is the main MTOC of animal cells

A

Centrosome

117
Q

waht is the main MTOC for cilia and flagella

A

Basal body

118
Q

what is the structure of a singlet centrosome

A

nine linked triplet microtubules

119
Q

what forms the template for the (-) end

A

Y-tubulin ring complex

120
Q

dyanimc instabliity depends on the presence or absence of what

A

GTP-B-Tubulin cap

121
Q

disassembly pauses when?

A

GTP-B-Tubulin is found on the microtubule and starts assembly phase

122
Q

what is the difference between GTP-B-tubulin cap and GDP-B-tubulin cap

A

GTP promotes assebly while GDP promotes disassembly

123
Q

There is assembly to disassembly when GTP hydrolysis rate __ GTP tubulin action

A

>

124
Q

There is disassembly to assembly when GTP hydrolysis rate __ GTP tubulin action

A
125
Q

what may stabilize or destabilize microtubules

A

mirotubule-assocated proteins (MAPs)

126
Q

Spacing reflects difference between the lenghts of the ___ and ___ projection domains

A

MAP and tau

127
Q

what do (+) end-binding MAPs do

A

enhance plymerixation at (+) end, reduce frequency of catastrophes link microtubules to other cell structures

128
Q

What is the Kinesin-13 family

A

bind and curve the + end of profimalents into GDP-B-tubulin, require ATP for hydrolysis

129
Q

when kinesin binds to dimers, what happens?

A

it curves them so curvature is that of disassembly

130
Q

T or F: organelles move along microtubules in either direction

A

T

131
Q

What are the microtubule based motor proteins

A

Kinesin and Dynein

132
Q

how do kinesin and dynein move along microtubules

A

using ATP hydrolysis

133
Q

What is Kinesin 1

A

tail doamin binds to receptors on cargo, head domain binds microtubules and ATP

134
Q

T or F: kinesin 1 always tansports vesicles from (-) end to (+) end of a microtubule

A

T

135
Q

what happens in the inhibited form

A

had folds back and interacts with tail, inhibits ATPase activity

136
Q

how is kinesin-1 regulated

A

motor binding to vesicle receptor unfolds kinesin activating ATPase actity
transports cargo toward + end

137
Q

T or F:there is convergent evolution between mysoin and kinesin

A

T

138
Q

dynein transports organellees towards the (_) end

A

-

139
Q

how many AAA ATPase domains in the dynein head

A

six

140
Q

what is the dynactin complex

A

cytpoplasmic dynein cant bind to cargo on its own, so uses dynein complex to link dynein to cargo

141
Q

dynactin complex contain what

A

one actin subunit and capZ at + end

142
Q

the direction of organelle transport is determined by the _____

A

motor protein

143
Q

Retrograde transport of late endosome is by __________

A

cytoplasmic dynein

144
Q

Anterograde transport of seceretory vesicle by ______

A

kinesin

BI 338 (4 decks)

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