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Biol 351 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What does CRISPR stand for?

A

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

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2
Q

____________: enzymes that cut DNA at specific target sequences

A

Restriction enzymes

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3
Q

___________: enzymes that join DNA together

A

DNA ligase

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4
Q

____________: enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from nucleotides and template strand

A

DNA polymerase

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5
Q

Example of DNA polmerase

A

Taq polymerase

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6
Q

__________: a small piece of DNA taken from a virus, plasmid, etc. that can be stably maintained in an organism and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes

A

Cloning vector

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7
Q

Why don’t restriction enzymes cut host bacteria’s DNA?

A

Methylation at target sites

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8
Q

CRISPR verses restriction enzymes: which is innate and which is acquired in bacteria?

A

Restriction enzymes = innate; CRISPR = adaptive

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9
Q

Where in the CRISPR locus are the viral genomic fragments inserted?

A

Next to the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) 5’-NGG-3’ sequence

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10
Q

Genes in the CRISPR locus that encode for nucleases

A

CRISPR-associated genes (cas)

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11
Q

___________: engineered molecule that combines functions of crRNA and tracrRNA

A

Single guide RNA (sgRNA)

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12
Q

____________: transcription of CRISPR locus

A

crRNA

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13
Q

Gain of function CRISPR editing requires….?

A

A donor template

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14
Q

Example of CRISPR use in pigs

A

CD163 gene was modified to eliminate binding sequence for porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) without impairing it’s immune function

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15
Q

Example of CRISPR use in corn

A

CRISPR introduced a stronger promoter into the ARGOS8 gene to increase drought resistance

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16
Q

Alternative uses for CRISPR (not gene knockout and editing)

A

Turning genes off and on, adding epigenetic markers, and localizing a specific sequence

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17
Q

Alternative uses for CRISPR depend on what?

A

dCas9 or dead Cas9 (inactivated Cas9 nuclease activity)

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18
Q

Coined “commotion of the brain” resulting from blow to head (loss of speech, hearing, sight)

A

Hippocrates (Greece, 5th century BC)

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19
Q

Coined “cerebral concussion”: transient los of function without physical damage

A

Rhazes (Persian physician, 10th century AD)

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20
Q

Proposed that “brain commotion” was due to bruising of the brain on inside of the skull; hypothesis developed through dissection of human cadavers

A

de Carpi (Italian anatomist and physician, 16th century AD)

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21
Q

Paper: “Punch Drunk” suggested mental and behaviour problems in boxers as a result of multiple concussions

A

Harrison Martland (American forensic pathologist, 1928)

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22
Q

Confirmed punch drunk hypothesis in paper “the aftermath of boxing” using autopsies to show visible brain damage in boxers brain

A

J.A.N. Corsellis (British neuropathologist, 1973)

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23
Q

Coined term “dementia pugilistica”

A

J.A.N. Corsellis

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24
Q

Coined CTE following autopsies of NFL player’s brains

A

Bennet Omalu (Nigerian-American neuropathologist, 2004-2005)

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25
Q

Physical brain damage done by concussions (4)

A
  1. Stretching and sheering of axons causing leakage of ions across membranes and
  2. release of tau proteins and the accumulation of tau protein tangles
  3. damage to blood-brain barrier and release of brain protein S100B into the blood
  4. Reduced cerebral blood flow
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26
Q

Key correlation found in subconcussive injuries

A

Number of subconcussive hits and serum 100B levels

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27
Q

Low selenium associated with

A

several cancers

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28
Q

Low vit A associated with

A

Increased risk of infectious disease

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29
Q

Riboflavin (Vit B2) associated with

A

Confers resistance to infectious disease in mice

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30
Q

Low vit B6 associated with

A

impaired development and differentiation of B and T cells

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31
Q

Effects of Vit C on immune function

A

Unknown

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32
Q

Vit D known to be involved in

A

Fighting mycobacterium tuberculus

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33
Q

Low Vit D makes you more prone to

A

HIV and the flu

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34
Q

Vit E supplementation caused

A

Enhanced antibody response to some vaccines

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35
Q

Low Zinc affects

A

Functioning of lymphocytes

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36
Q

High cortisol levels correlated with (in research)

A

Lower antibody response to infection, lower T cell function

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37
Q

A measurable outcome that is not a clinical outcome, but may correlate with one

A

Surrogate outcome

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38
Q

Examples of case series (2)

A
  1. John Snows and broad street cholera outbreak (start of epidemiology)
  2. legionnaires disease outbreak at American legion convention
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39
Q

Define epidemiology

A

the study of the causes and spread of disease

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40
Q

Term for a retrospective epidemiological study

A

Case-control studies

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41
Q

Example of case-control study (2)

A
  1. GRID and rare cancer in young gay men

2. Mouth cancer and people using bleach for mouth wash

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42
Q

Term for a prospective epidemiological study

A

Cohort studies

43
Q

Innate defenses (5)

A 
Barriers
Phagocytes
NK cells
Inflammation
Fever
44
Q

Adaptive defenses (3)

A

B cells
helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells

45
Q

Communication components of immune system (2)

A

Cytokines

Antigen presentation

46
Q

Who pioneered vaccinations and with what disease?

A

Edward Jenner, used cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox

47
Q

Who developed polio vaccine?

A

Salk

48
Q

Examples of historical resistance to vaccination (3)

A
  1. Switzerland 1883 repeal of compulsory smallpox vaccine
  2. France 1990s media scare that Hep B vaccine caused MS
  3. Nigeria 2000s fear that polio vaccine caused sterility in children; resulted in fatwa condemning vaccination
49
Q

Why was thimerosol controversial?

A

It’s a mercury-containing compound that was used as a preservative; has been phased out after public back-lash but no evidence of harm

50
Q

What does the MMR vaccine protect against?

A

Measles, mumps, and rubella

51
Q

Define opsonin

A

A molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking a cell

52
Q

Properties of adaptive defences (4)

A
  1. specificity
  2. diversity
  3. self/non-self recognition
  4. memory
53
Q

Term for a set of similar antibodies

A

Immunoglobulin class

54
Q

Two regions of an antibody molecule

A
  1. Variable region

2. Constant region

55
Q

________ region: different in each antibody

A

Variable

56
Q

_________ region: same in each Ig class

A

Constant

57
Q

Which cells act to poke holes in plasma membrane of target cell?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

58
Q

Antibodies that have different epitopic specificities and bind to different epitopes of the same antigen

A

Polyclonal antibodies

59
Q

Antibodies that all have the same epitopic specificity and bind one epitope only

A

Monoclonal antibodies

60
Q

A and B antigens on RBCs are ______ attached to ______ and ______

A

Oligiosaccharide chains attached to glycolipids and glycoproteins

61
Q

Type A blood: has _ antigen and produces anti-_ antibodies

A

A antigen; anti-B antibodies

62
Q

Type B blood: has _ antigen and produces anti-_ antibodies

A

B antigen; anti-A antibodies

63
Q

Type AB blood: has _ antigen and produces anti-_ antibodies

A

A and B antigens; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies

64
Q

Type O blood: has _ antigen and produces anti-_ antibodies

A

No antigen; produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies

65
Q

Universal donor

A

O

66
Q

Universal acceptor

A

AB

67
Q

Two stages of photosynthesis

A
  1. light creates ATP and NADPH

2. ATP and NADPH force hydrogen atoms onto C02 to form glucose

68
Q

What are the primary molecules being burned in raw biomass?

A

Cellulose and lignin in plant cell walls

69
Q

Uncrewed probes (5)

A
  1. flybys
  2. orbiters
  3. landers
  4. rovers
  5. sample return missions
70
Q

Description of Mars 3-4 billion years ago (4)

A
  1. geological activities and volcanoes
  2. liquid core producing magnetic field
  3. thick atmosphere of CO2 and water vapour protected from solar winds and cosmic rays by magnetic field
  4. higher temperatures
  5. large bodies of water
71
Q

Significant martian meteorite found in Antarctica around 1996

A

Allan Hills 84001 (ALH 84001)

72
Q

What was significant about ALH 84001 (3)

A
  1. organic molecules (polycyclic hydrocarbons)
  2. magnetite with possible biogenic origin
  3. shapes that looked like nanobacteria
73
Q

First probe to land on mars in 1976

A

Viking landers

74
Q

Preformed GCMS and labeled release of carbon 14

A

Viking landers

75
Q

Detected methane in varying trace amounts (2)

A
  1. Mars express orbiter

2. Curiosity rover

76
Q

Recurring slope linae

A

Streaks of dark discolouration on mars that had previously suggested period liquid water flow on Mars

77
Q

______ Lander discovered subsurface water ice, snow, and perchlorate

A

The Phoenix lander

78
Q

Detected a transient spike in methane in 2013-2014

A

The curiosity rover

79
Q

Europa

A

Moon of Jupiter with surface layer of water ice over a deep salty ocean of liquid water with geologically active seafloor

80
Q

Enceladus

A

Moon of Saturn with an ocean of salty liquid water underneath an icy surface crust

81
Q

Moon of Saturn with 100+ geysers shooting water ice and vapour into space near it’s south pole

A

Enceladus

82
Q

Titan

A

Moon of Saturn with a dense atmosphere rich in nitrogen, with rocky surface layer and rivers/lakes of hydrocarbons; has a methane cycle similar to earth’s hydrological cycle

83
Q

Telescope that will be the successor to the Hubble in searching or biosignitures of life in atmospheres of extrasolar planets

A

James Webb Space Telescope

84
Q

Fermi paradox

A

If there’s nothing special about us and how we arose as a life form, where is everybody?

85
Q

Copernican principle

A

Our place in the universe isn’t special

86
Q

Enzyme that adds nucleotides to the end of a pre-existing polynucleotide strand based on a template strand

A

DNA polymerase

87
Q

UV light shone on DNA-______ ______ complex fluoresces

A

DNA-ethidium bromide complex

88
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction

89
Q

Meiosis is a _______ division

A

Reductional

90
Q

An inherited character for which different traits are present in a population

A

Polymorphism

91
Q

A location on a specific chromosome that has appreciable variation in a population

A

DNA polymorphism

92
Q

Sites in a genome where a short DNA sequence (15-100 base pairs) is repeated over a distance of 100-20,000 bp

A

Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) region

93
Q

Sites in a genome where a short DNA sequence (2-9bp) is repeated 7-40x

A

Short tandem repeats (STR) regions

94
Q

_______: used if only a small amount of DNA is availible

A

STR loci

95
Q

Equation used to predict the probability of a match between two unrelated people

A

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation

96
Q

Assumes that the probability of a random DNA match equates the probability of innocence

A

Prosecutor’s fallacy

97
Q

First use of DNA to solve a crime, exonerate an innocent person, and first use of a DNA dragnet

A

Pitchfork case

98
Q

DNA exoneration overturned bite mark analysis

A

Roy Brown case

99
Q

Used fake blood samples in tubes in arm

A

John Schneeberger

100
Q

Fact-collection and argument driven by an assumed conclusion

A

Motivated reasoning

101
Q

Favouring evidence that supports a conclusion already held

A

Confirmation bias

102
Q

Logical fallacy of attacking the person making the argument in attempts to discredit their argument

A

Ad hominem fallacy

103
Q

Logical fallacy of assuming something to be true/false because of who said it

A

Genetic fallacy

104
Q

Logical fallacy of assuming that if an expert in ABC says XYZ, then XYZ must be true

A

Argument from authority

Biol 351 (6 decks)

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